This presentation is regarding alternate fuels and their future scope, for I.C. Engine and with that we try to achieve as low as possible gas emission, this presentation give brief introductory idea about fuels and their properties.

1. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
ALTERNATE FUELS
BIRLA VISHWAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA

2. Prepared by
• 140080125020 :- Patel Atri D.
• 150083119004 :- Rana Krunal K.
Guided by
Prof. B. S. Patel sir

3. Introduction of FUELS (Definitions)
• A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other
substances so that it releases its chemical and nuclear (in
case of fission and fusion) as heat or to be used for work.
• The concept was originally applied solely to those materials
capable of releasing chemical energy but since also been
applied to other sources of the heat energy such as nuclear
energy (via NUCLEAR FISSION and NUCLEAR
FUSION)

4. Importance of the study of fuel
• The engine converts heat energy which is obtain from the
chemical combination of the fuel with the oxygen, into
mechanical energy.
• Since the heat energy is derived from the fuel, a
fundamental knowledge of type of fuels and their
characteristics is essential in order to understand the
combustion phenomenon.

5. Importance of the study of fuel (cont.)
• The characteristics of the fuel used have considerable
influence on the design, efficiency, output and particularly,
the reliability and durability of the engine.
• Further, the fuel characteristics play vital role in the
atmospheric pollution caused by the engine used in
automobile.

6. Characteristics of good fuel
• A good fuel should satisfy following requirements
– Should have high calorific value per unit weight i.e. when used as
fuel unit weight of it should evolve large amount of heat.
– Moisture content should be low.
– Should not produce harmful product like CO2, SO2, H2S which is
poisonous and pollutes air.
– Low content of non-combustible matter in the form ash or clinker.
This can enhance the cost of storage, handling and disposal of
waste.

7. Characteristics of good fuel (cont.)
– Easy to transport.
– Controllable combustion of fuel so that it can be started and
stopped.
– Economically and easily available .
– No offensive odor.
– Low storage cost.

8. Types of Fuels
• Internal combustion engines can be operated on different
types of fuels such as liquid, gaseous and even solid fuels.
Depending upon the type of fuel to be used the engine has
to be designed accordingly.
• There are mainly three type of fuels
– SOLID fuels
– GASEOUS fuels
– LIQUID fuels

9. Types of Fuels (cont.)
Natural fuels Manufactured fuels
SOLID FUELS
Wood Tanbark, bagasse, straw
Coal Charcoal
Coke
Briquettes
LIQUID FUELS
Petroleum Oils from distillation of
petroleum
Coal tar
Shale-oil
Alcohols etc.
Natural fuels Manufactured fuels
GASEOUS FUELS
Natural gas Coal gas
Producer gas
Water gas
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Blast furnace gas
Oil gas

10. Comparison of type of Fuels
Sr. No. SOLID LIQUID GAS
1 FUEL Charcoal Oils Propane, Natural Gas
2 DELIVERY &
STORAGE
Difficult Easy Complex
3 BURNER
SYSTEM
Complex Drip: Simple
Atomized: complex
Simple
4 HEAT DENSITY Low Moderate to High High
5 CARBON
IMPACT
High High Moderate

11. Comparison between Diesel and Gasoline
Sr. No. Diesel Gasoline
1 USES In CI engine In SI engine
2 MADE FROM Petroleum/ Crude oil Petroleum/ Crude oil
3 ENERGY CONTENT (C.V.) 35.8 MJ/L ~ 48 MJ/Kg 34.2 MJ/L ~ 46.4 MJ/Kg
4 AUTO-IGNITION
TEMPERATURE
256 ºC 280 ºC
5 FLASH POINT >52 ºC -43 ºC
6 CO2 EMISSION Approx. 13% more than
Gasoline
Comparatively emission is low
than Diesel

12. Why the ALTERNATE fuels are required ?
• Conventional fuels are very scare and costly.
• Emission problems occur in conventional fuels like in
gasoline and diesel engine.
• Large percentage of crude oil must be imported from other
countries which is control larger oil fields.

13. Why ALTERNATE fuels in not widely used ?
• The engine used for alternate fuels are modified engines
which were originally designed for gasoline fueling. They
are, therefore, not the optimum design for the other fuels.
Only when extensive research and development is done
over a period of years, maximum performance and
efficiency can be realized from these engines. However, the
research and development is difficult to justify until the
fuels are accepted as viable for large number of engines.

14. Why ALTERNATE fuels in not widely used ?
(cont.)
• Another problem with alternate fuels is the lack of
distribution points or service station where fuel is available
to the public.
• Most alternate fuels are very costly and at present the
quantity used is very less

15. Possible ALTERNATE fuels
• Fuels are classified into three forms, viz. solid, liquid, and
gaseous.
• Present day automobile use mainly liquid fuels of petroleum
origin.
• However, some use of gaseous fuels like CNG and LPG.
• In past days, solid fuels like coal, slurry and charcoal have
tried.

16. Solid fuels
• Solid fuels are obsolete for IC engines.
• In the latter half of the 1800s, before petroleum fuels were
used in IC engines, coal was used in IC engines as fuel.
• When Rudolf diesel was developing his engine, one of the
fuel he used was coal dust mixed with water.
• Fine particles of coal (carbon) were dispersed in water and
injected and burned in early diesel engine.

17. Solid fuels (cont.)
• Coal is an attractive fuel because of the availability in large
quantity.
• However, as a engine fuel, other methods of use seem more
feasible. These include liquefaction or gasification of the
coal.
• One major problem with this fuel is the abrasiveness of the
solid particles, which manifest itself in worn injectors and
piston rings.

18. Liquid fuels
• Liquid fuels are preferred for IC engines because they are
easy to store and have reasonably good calorific value. In
the liquid fuel category the main alternative is the alcohol.
 ALTERNATE LIQUID FUELS
– Alcohol
• Methanol
• Ethanol etc.
– Vegetable oil
– Biodiesel etc.

19. Alcohol
• Alcohol are an attractive alternate fuel because they can be
obtain from both natural and manufactured sources.
Methanol (methyl alcohol) and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) are
two kinds of alcohols that seem most promising.

20. Advantages of Alcohol as a fuel
• It can be obtained from a number of sources, both natural
and manufactured.
• It is a high octane fuel with anti-knock index number
(octane number) of over 100. Engines using high-octane
fuel can run more efficiently by using higher compression
rations. Alcohol have higher flame speed.
• It produces less overall emissions compared to gasoline.

21. Advantages of Alcohol as a fuel (cont.)
• When alcohols are burned, it forms more moles of exhaust
gases, which gives higher pressure and more power in the
expansion stroke.
• It has high latent heat of vapourization (hfg) which results in
a cooler intake process. This raises the volumetric
efficiency of the engine and reduces the required work input
in the compression stroke.
• Alcohols have low Sulphur content in the fuel.

22. Disadvantages of Alcohol as a fuel
• Alcohol have a low energy content or in other low calorific
value of fuel. C.V. of alcohol is almost half then gasoline.
• Combustion of alcohol produces more aldehydes in the
exhaust.
• Alcohol is much more corrosive than gasoline on copper,
brass, aluminum, rubber, and many plastics. e.g. methanol is
very corrosive on metals.

23. Disadvantages of Alcohol as a fuel (cont.)
• It has poor cold weather starting characteristics due to vapor
pressure and evaporation.
• Alcohols have poor ignition characteristics in general.
• Alcohol have almost invisible flames, which is considered
dangerous when handling fuel.
• Many people find the strong odor of alcohol very offensive.
Headaches and dizziness have been experienced when
refueling an automobile.

24. Gaseous fuel
• Gaseous fuel are most suited for IC engines.
• However, the volumetric efficiency is poor
• There are quite few gaseous fuels that can be used as
alternate fuels.
ALTERNATE GASEOUS FUELS
– Hydrogen
– Natural Gas
– CNG and LPG

25. Hydrogen
• Hydrogen is another alternate fuel tried for IC engines.
Investigations were carried out extensively in many
countries.
• The most attractive features of hydrogen as an IC engine
fuel are that it can be produced from a potentially available
raw material, water and the main product of its combustion
again is water.

26. Advantages of hydrogen as a fuel
• Low emissions. Essentially no CO and HC in exhaust as
there is no carbon in fuel. Most exhaust would be H2O and
N2 and Nox.
• Fuel availability. There are a number of different ways of
making hydrogen, including electrolysis of water.
• Fuel leakage to environment is not pollutant.
• High energy content per volume when stored as a liquid.
This would give large vehicle range for a given fuel tank
capacity.

27. Disadvantages of hydrogen as a fuel
• Requirement of heavy, bulky fuel storage both in vehicle
and at service stations. Hydrogen can be stored either as a
cryogenic liquid or as a compressed gas.
– If stored as a liquid, it would have to be kept under pressure at a
very high low temperature requiring a thermally super-insulated
fuel tank.
– Storing in a gas phase would require a high vessel with limited
capacity.

28. Disadvantages of hydrogen as a fuel(cont.)
• Difficult to refuel and the possibility of detonation.
• Poor engine volumetric efficiency. Any time a gaseous fuel
is used in an engine, the fuel will displace some of the inlet
air and poorer volumetric efficiency will result.
• Fuel cost would be high at present-day technology and
availability.
• High Nox emission because of high flame temperature.

29. Other Alternate Fuels
• Biogas
• Producer Gas
• Blast Furnace Gas
• Coke Oven Gas
• Benzol
• Acetone
• Diethyl Ether

30. References
• Internal Combustion Engine by V. Ganesan
• https://en.m.Wikipedia.org./wiki/Alternative_fuel
• https://en.m.Wikipedia.org./wiki/Biodiesel
• https://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/unit-3.pdf
• www.engineeeringtoolbox.com/flash-point-fuels-
d_937.html

31. THANK YOU