2. Define Research Problem
Review Concepts & Theories
Literature Review Review previous research finding
Formulate Hypothesis
Research Design (Including sample design)
Data Analysis
Interpret and Report
Data Collection
(Using Data collection Tools)
(Observation, Interview,
Questionnaire etc.,..)
3. Data
According to the Sources
1. Primary Sources Primary Data
2. Secondary Sources Secondary Data
According to the Nature
1. Quantitative Data
2. Qualitative Data
4. Primary Data
• Data never gathered before
• Advantage: find data you need to suit your
purpose
• Disadvantage: usually more costly and time
consuming than collecting secondary data
• Collected after secondary data is collected
5.
6. Secondary Data
• Data gathered by another sources
• Secondary data is gathered BEFORE primary data.
WHY?
• Because you want to find out what is already known
about a subject/ Problem (L/R) before you dive into
your own investigation. WHY?
• Because some of your questions can possibly have
been already answered by other investigators or
authors. Why “reinvent the wheel”?
7.
8. 8
Data Collection Strategies
• No one best way: decision depends on:
– What you need to know: numbers or stories
– Where the data reside: environment, files,
people
– Resources and time available
– Complexity of the data to be collected
– Frequency of data collection
– Intended forms of data analysis
18. When choosing methods,
consider…
The purpose of your Research
Will the method allow you to gather information
that can be analyzed and presented in a way that will be
credible and useful to you and others.
The respondents
What is the most appropriate method,
considering how the respondents can best be reached,
how they might best respond, literacy, cultural
considerations, etc.?
19. Consider…
• What kind of data your stakeholders will find
most credible and useful
• Resources available.
Time, money, and staff to design,
implement, and analyze the information. What
can you afford?
• Type of information you need. Numbers,
percent's, comparisons, stories etc.
20. • Interruptions to program or participants.
Which method is likely to be least
intrusive?
• Advantages and disadvantages of each
method.
• .The importance of ensuring cultural
appropriateness.
Consider…
21. Sampling Techniques
Population - Total group of respondents that the
researcher wants to study. Populations are too costly and
time consuming to study in entirety.
Sample - selecting and surveying
respondents (research participants)
from the population.
22. 22
METHODS
The various method of data gathering involve the use of
appropriate recording forms. These are called tools or
instruments of data collection, they consists of
Library Research
1. Analysis of Historical
Records
2. Analysis of Documents
Laboratory
Research
1. Small group study of random
behavior, play and role analysis
23. METHODS
Field
Research
1. Non Participant Direct
Observation
2. Participant Observation
3. Mass Observation
4. Questionnaire
5. Personal Interview
6. Group Interview
7. Focused Interview
8. Telephone Survey
9. Case Study & Life History etc.
24. Often, it is better to use more than
one data collection method.
Triangulation
25. The use of triangulation in qualitative
research
Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data
sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive
understanding of phenomena (Patton, 1999).
Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research
strategy to test validity through the convergence of information
from different sources.
Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identified four types of
triangulation:
(a) method triangulation
(b) investigator triangulation
(c) theory triangulation, and
(d) data source triangulation.