Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Intro to History_Historical Method.pptx
Similar to Intro to History_Historical Method.pptx (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Intro to History_Historical Method.pptx
- 1. Historical knowledge is limited by Incompleteness of the Record
- 2. Relevance of History History offers a storehouse of information about how people and societies behave. The past causes the present and the future.
- 3. History provides a terrain for modern contemplation. Helps provide identity. A study of history is essential for good citizenship.
- 4. History as Reconstruction Only a small part of what happened in the past was ever observed. The historian is many times removed from the events under investigation. Historians rely on surviving records
- 5. “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it; only a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention.”
- 6. “Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian.”
- 7. What is the Historical Method? The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of origin and identify their intended functions
- 8. POINTS TO PONDER Our knowledge of the past will always be partial and incomplete. When we think about the past, we have our own assumptions, attitudes and questions which are different from those people of the past.
- 9. POINTS TO PONDER Accounts of the past are always interpretative and always open to dispute and questions. The discipline of history is both less than the past and more than the past.
- 10. POINTS TO PONDER As an academic discipline, history is an attempt to resolve these difficulties and to construct intellectuality coherent accounts of the past which are consistent with the past.
- 11. Historical Sources Sources – an object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of that past. (Howell and Prevenier, From Reliable Sources an Introduction to Historical Method) Tangible remains of the past (Anthony Brundage, Going to Sources)
- 12. Written Sources 1.Published materials 2.Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed]
- 13. Non-Written Sources Oral history Artifact Ruins Fossils Art works Video recordings Audio recordings
- 14. What are Primary Sources? Testimony of an eyewitness A primary source must have been produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates.
- 15. A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event.
- 16. Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardless of whether they are available in original format, in microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published format.
- 17. Four Main Categories of Primary Sources 1. Written sources 2. Images 3. Artifacts 4. Oral testimony
- 18. What are Secondary Sources? A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.
- 19. Examples History textbook Printed materials (serials, periodicals which interprets previous research)
- 20. QUIZ 1
- 21. Furniture Replica of Noli Me Tangere Abstract Biography Dictionary SWS Survey Jar General Luna’s journal Building Government publication Audio recording Commentaries Blogs Friar account Letters Human fossils
- 23. National Archives of the Philippines National Library of the Philippines National Museum of the Philippines National Historical Commission of the Philippines
- 24. U.P. Main Library ADMU Rizal Library DLSU Library UST Library
- 25. Archivo General de Indias Library of Congress National Archives and Records Administration Archivo General de la Nación
- 26. American Historical Collection Lopez Memorial Museum Ayala Museum
- 29. Royal Decrees & Laws Official Reports
- 31. Maps
- 34. Legislative Journals Court Records
- 36. On line databases Blogs
- 37. Documentary Films Recorded Interviews
- 38. What is Historical Criticism? 1. External Criticism 2. Internal Criticism
- 39. External Criticism It refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher uses in a historical study. It has to do with the authenticity of a document.
- 40. What is External Criticism? The problem of authenticity. To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents. To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation.
- 41. Tests of Authenticity 1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic. 2. Determine the author.
- 42. 3.Anachronistic style 4.Anachronistic reference to events 5. Provenance or custody 6. Semantics 7. Hermeneutics
- 43. Internal Criticism It refers to the accuracy of the contents of a document. It has to do with what the document says.
- 44. What is Internal Criticism? The Problem of Credibility Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible? Verisimilar
- 45. Tests of Credibility 1.Identification of the author 2.Determination of the approximate date
- 46. 3. Ability to tell the truth 4. Willingness to tell the truth 5. Corroboration
- 47. Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking 1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation 2. Sensitivity to Context 3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human affairs
- 48. Practical Example/Worksheet Topic: Tejeros Convention Primary Source: Santiago Alvarez’ account Secondary Source: Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses
- 49. QUIZ 2
- 50. According to Aristotle history meant a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering was a factor in the account.
- 51. The German word for history – “loropia” means to happen.
- 52. The historians are permitted to imagine things that could not reasonably have happened.
- 53. The historians is less concerned with a source as a whole than with the particular data within its source.
- 54. The historians based their judgement subjectively.
Editor's Notes
- 1. Published materials Books, magazines, journals, Travelogue transcription of speech 2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed] Archival materials Memoirs, diary
- Historical-critical method is a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of the ancient texts in order to understand the world behind the text. In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and content must be settled
- Code of Kalantiyaw
- 1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century 2. Determine the author e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
- 3. Anachronistic style e.g. idiom, orthography, punctuation can be detected by specialist who are familiar with contemporary writing. 4. Anachronistic reference to events (an act of attributing a custom, event, or object to a period to which it does not belong) e.g. too early, too late, too remote 5. Provenance or custody e.g. determines its genuineness 6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word 7. Hermeneutics –determining ambiguities (inexactness) (is concerned with problems that arise when dealing with meaningful human actions and the products of such actions, most importantly texts)
- The Problem of Credibility – does not refer to what actually happened, but it is as close to what actually happened as we can learn from a critical examination of the best available sources. it means verisimilar at a high level Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible? Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available sources Historical fact refers to a particular derived directly or indirectly from historical documents and regarded as credible after testing in accordance with the canons of historical method.
- 1. Identification of the author e.g. to determine his reliability; mental processes, personal attitudes 2. Determination of the approximate date e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
- 3. Ability to tell the truth rests upon the witness nearness to the event. e.g. nearness to the event, competence of witness, degree of attention 4. Willingness to tell the truth e.g. to determine if the author consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods 5. Corroboration i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses
- In examining both tragedies and accomplishments in the past, we are usually interested in the questions of how and why. These questions start the search for causes: What were actions, beliefs, and circumstances that led to these consequences. Causes are multiple and layered, involving both long-term ideologies, institutions, and conditions, and short-term motivations, actions and events. Means understanding the social, cultural, intellectual, and emotional settings that shaped people’s lives and actions in the past. It demands comprehension of the vast differences between us in the present and those in the past. Students sometimes misunderstand history as a list of events. Once they start to understand history as a complex mix of continuity and change, they reach a fundamentally different sense of the past. We evaluate change over time using the ideas of progress and decline.
- TRUE
- FALSE – Greek and loropia. german word is Geschicte from geschehon
- FALSE- not permitted
- TRUE
- TRUE