report of using network topology

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Topic:
LAN Network
Subject:
Information to Communication and Technology
Submitted To:
Ma’am Maryam Ehsan
Submitted By:
S.r # Name Roll No
1 Hafiz Abdullah 15091519-020
2 Khawaja Umair 15091519-002
3 Javeria Abid 15091519-030
4 Roshaan Arshad 15091519-059
5 Saniya Ansar 15091519-069
6 Tahir Khan 15091519-133
BS (Hons) Computer Science
1st Semester

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CONTENTS:
 NETWORK
 Central Connecting Devices
 Data Transferring
 Types of NETWORK
 NETWORKTopology
 STAR Topology
 How Data is Transferredusing STAR
 Cross Cable
 How Data is Transferredusing Cross Cable
 Troubleshooting
 Acknowledgement
 References
Local Area Networks

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Network:-
“A network is two devices connected to each other with a physical medium, such as wire or radio
signals.’’
Networks allow many users to access shared data and programs almost instantly. When
data and Programs are stored on a network and are shared, individual users can substantially reduce
the need for programs on their own computers .Networks open up new ways to communicate, such
as e-mail and instant messaging .By allowing users to share expensive hardware resources such as
printers, networks reduce the cost of running an organization.
Host:-
A host can be any device that has an IP address.
Address:-

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An address is used to send and receive data in network.
IP address:-
It helps to identify devices and the networks where they are located.
Central Connecting Device:-
Hub, switches, routers act as central connecting device.
Central connecting devices are responsible for connecting host and transmitting data.
Hub Function:-
Hosts send data to a hub. The hub broadcasts that data to all other connected hosts on the
network.
Switch Function:-

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Hosts send data to a switch. The switches transmit data to its destination. Switches can send
and receive data simultaneously. Switches are most commonly used for networks.
Router Function:-
Routers are at the edge of the LANs. They act as gateway to other networks. It allows
communication between hosts on different networks. It connects internal networks to the internet.
Connection of devices:-
Computers have network adapters called as Network interface card (NICs). It allows the
computers to connect to network. It connects node to the media. It often has an antenna.
A Hub or switch connects several devices in a network together. It provides central point for cables
in network. A Router connects multiple computers or other routers together and transmits data to
its correct destination on a network.
Data Transferring:-
Before data transferred, it has to go through the following processes:
 Large chunks of data broken into segments.
 Addressing is added to each segment, to making it a packet.
 Packets then travel to the network adapter, where a little more information is added and
they become Ethernet Frames.
 Each frame is then broken into a data stream of bits-0s and 1s- that travel on physical
media.
Data Transfer on LANs:-
It transfer one bit at a time. In LANs, data can travel in a single stream in both directions.
A data transfer rate is the maximum bits per second (bps) that can be transmitted over a network.
Types of Networks:-

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 Wired LANs (WLANs)
 Wireless LANs (WLANs)
 Virtual LANs (VLANs)
Wired LANs (WLANs):-
Hosts such as PCs or laptops are connected to central connecting devices by copper based and
twisted pair cabling. Control and security, reliability and speed are the primary benefits of using
physical connections. It is also relatively cost-effective, as the price of cabling. One great
advantage of having a Wired LAN is the control it provides.
Wireless LANs (WLANs):-
Hosts connected to networks through WAPs. To connect to WAPs, a device must have a wireless
network adapter. In larger WLANs, the WAP has to connect to a wired switch.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are the same as the traditional LAN but they have a
wireless interface. WLANs provide high speed data communication in small areas such as a
building or an office. It allows users to move around in a confined area while they are still
connected to the network. Examples of wireless LAN that are available today are NCR's wave
LAN and Motorola's ALTAIR.
Virtual LANs:-
VLANs allow a network manager to logically segment a LAN into different broadcast.
Workstations do not have to be physically located together in VALNs. Users on different floors of
the same building, or even in different buildings can now belong to the same LAN.VLANs also
allow broadcasts to be defined without using routers. Bridging software is used instead to define
which workstations are to be included in the broadcast. Routers would only have to be used to
communicate between two VLANs.
Network Topology:-

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“The logical layout of the cables and devices that connect the nodes of the network”
Logical topology:-
In Logical topology, there is actual transfer of the data in the network as per its design plan.
Physical topology:-
In Physical topology, the physical design of a network which consists of location, devices
and the cable installation is referred.
Packets:-
Data moves through the network in a structure called Packets.
Packet Header:-
The heard identifies the nodes that sent the packet and provides the address of the node that
will receive the packet. It also holds control data that helps the receiving node resemble a
message’s packet in the right order.
Packet Payload:-
The Payload is the actual data that is being transmitted between the two nodes.
Importance of Topology:-
 A correctly designed network will move data packets as efficiently as possible.
 Network topology plays a role in preventing collision.
Star Topology:-

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The Star Topology is the most common topology. In a star network, all nodes are connected to a
device called a Hub and communicate through it. Data packets travel through the Hub and are sent
to the attached nodes. After reaching to their destinations, some intelligent Hubs can monitor
traffic and help prevent the collisions.
In Star Topology, a broken connection between a Node and the Hub does not affect the rest
of the network. If the Hub is lost, all nodes connected to that Hub are unable to communicate
How Data is Transferred using Star:-
Equipment:-
 PTCL A-DSL + Wi-Fi Modem (As HUB)
 Ethernet Cables (As Connecting Wires)
 Laptops (As Nodes)
Procedure:-
So, for Connecting Computers in form of Star Topology. Firstly we have to change the
Settings of our Computers using following steps.
 Connect Computers with the HUB.
 Open Network and Sharing Center.

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 Click on “Change Advance Sharing Option”.

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 Change the Setting As shown in pictures by checking these Check Boxes.

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 After doing all these open “Networks”.
 Then you are able to see the connected Computers.

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 Open the Computer you want to access.
 Firstly you can only see those Folder which are shared by the other computer.
 In start only Public folder is Assessable.
 You can give access to any folder by following ways.

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 By doing this we can share this folder also.
 You can also access the data of that folder.

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 For Troubleshooting.

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Cross Cable:-
An Ethernet Crossover Cable is a type of Ethernet Cable which is use to connect two computing
devices together directly. It is most often used to connect two devices of same type: e.g. two
computers (via Network Interface Controller) or two switches to each other.
How Cross Cable is different to Ethernet:-

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Only the arrangement in the both end are different.
How Data is Transferred using Cross Cable:-
Troubleshooting:-
One of the main problems with the BUS TOPOLOGY is that it is not very fault
tolerant, a break or defect in the bus would affect the whole network. In STAR
TOPOLOGY, as each computeris connected to a central device (Hub) the location
of the Hub must be made as central as possible, so as to reduce cable lengths. The
drawback to this type of topology is if a central device was to fail then all
computers connected to that device would not be able to see the network.
Acknowledgement:-
In performing our project, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who
deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much Pleasure. We
would like to show our gratitude Ma’am Maryam Ehsan, Course Instructor, University Of
Gujrat for giving us a good guideline for project throughout numerous consultations. We would
also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in
writing this assignment.
Many people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable comment
suggestions on this proposal which gave us an inspiration to improve our project. We thank all the
people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our assignment.
References:-
Web Reference
 http://en.wikipedia.org
 http://en.google
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Topology
 http://en.Computerline.com
Books
 Networking topologies-E.Balguruswamy
 A text book of computers-Andrew Symonds

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