Discussed all about bio-medical waste and its case studies.

1. Assignment :- 1
Enumerate Any one most pressing environmental
problems of the current times and suggest solution for
that problem on how you can address this using
technology or any other means.
1. Bio-Medical Waste:-
Medical waste is any kind of waste that is produced in large quantities by
healthcare centers like hospitals, nursing homes, dental clinics and is
considered to be a bio-hazardous nature. The waste can include needles,
syringes, gloves, tubes, blades, blood, body parts and many more.
Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid.
❖ Types of Waste:-
• Pathological waste:- human tissues, organs or fluids, body parts and
contaminated animal carcasses.
• Sharp waste:- syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades etc.
• Chemical waste:- foe example solvents and reagents used for
laboratory preparations, disinfectants, heavy metals contained in
medical devices and batteries.
• Pharmaceutical waste:- expired, unused and contaminated drugs and
vaccines.
• Cytotoxic waste:- waste containing substances with genotoxic
properties, such as cytotoxic drugs used in cancer treatment and
metabolites.
• Radioactive waste:- such as products contaminated by radionuclides
including radioactive diagnostic material,
• Non-hazardous or general waste:- waste that does not pose any
particular biological, chemical, radioactive or physical hazard.
❖ Waste management: reasons of failure :-
Lack of awareness about the health hazardous related to health-care
waste, inadequate training in proper waste management, absence of
waste management and disposal systems, insufficient financial and human
resources and the low priority given to the topic are the most common

2. problems connected with health-care waste. Many countries either do not
have appropriate regulations or do not enforce them.
❖ Global Medical Waste: according to study:-
The global medical waste management market is expected to grow from
$13.5 billion in 2019 to $14.9 billion in 2020 at a compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 10.6%. The mark-able growth is mainly due to the COVID-
19 outbreak and the measure to contain it. The un-estimated amount of
biomedical waste being generated from COVID treating hospitals, and
self/home-quarantine has triggered the need of medical waste
management. The market is then expected to stabilize and reach $16.62
billion in 2023 at a CAGR of 3.8%.
❖ Biomedical Waste Management Outside India:-
• West Pacific Area:-
In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the Bio-Medical Waste
Management status of 24 countries of west pacific area, which includes
countries such as, Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines,
Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru
and Kiribati. The status in each country assessed on five main areas of
BMWM, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory
framework, technologies implement and financial resources. In the field
of management, training and policies regarding BMWM, all west pacific
countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, Kiribati. Only
Japan and Republic of Korea use Best Available Technologies (BAT) for
BMW logistic and treatment, which were well maintained and
regulatory tested. Most of countries had no or very less financial
resources for BMWM. Therefore, Health care Waste management
(HCWM) is still far from ideal in most west pacific countries.
• Canada:-
In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste management
practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations
governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However,
Canada’s hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators
towards centralized provincial facilities for Bio-Medical Waste
sterilization. As per the country-level analysis, Canada medical waste

3. management market is estimated to exhibit a 4.5% Compound Annual
Growth Rate through 2026.
• North America:-
North America is the largest market for biomedical waste management
with more than one third of the global market share. High end research
technological advancements make North America most prominent
market during the forecast period. According to report, the North
America medical waste management market was valued at USD 3,881.6
million in 2019 and is further projected to record a valuation of USD 6.5
billion by 2026 while depicting a growth rate of 6% over 2020-2026. In
line with this, the study also constitutes of crucial information on the
current market scenario, developing technologies, widespread
competitive landscape, strategies undertaken by market rivals,
prospectus, and vivid market segmentations.
• Bio-Medical waste Management in India:-
In July 1998, first biomedical waste rules were notified by government
of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest. In India,
biomedical waste problem was further compounded by the presence of
scavengers who sort out open, unprotected health-care waste with no
gloves, masks, or shoes foe recycling and second reuse of syringes
without appropriate sterilization.
During 2002-2004, International Clinical Epidemiology Network
explored the existing biomedical management practices, setup and
framework in primary, secondary and tertiary health care facility in
India across 20 states. They found that across 82% of primary, 60% of
secondary and 54% of tertiary health care facility in India had no
credible biomedical waste management system. In 2009, around 240
people in Gujrat, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of
unsterilized syringes.
The biomedical waste management 1998 rules were modified in the
following years- 2000, 2003, 2011. Environment, forest and climate
change in march 2016 have amended the biomedical waste
management rules. These new rules have increased the coverage,
simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the
segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease

4. environment pollution. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen
rules.
❖ Challenges in the implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 rules
in India:-
One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs
will face, during the implementation of BMW 2016 rules will be due to the
lack of funds. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags
and to establish a bar code system of bags/containers the cost will be high
and time span for doing this i.e. too years is too short.
Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF (common bio-medical waste
treatment and disposal facility) in operation and 28 are under operation.
There is great need of rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill
the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India.
Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants and incinerator ash is potentially
hazardous.
Data from government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in
country is 484 TDP (tones per day) from 1,68869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only
447 TDP is treated and 37 TDP is left untreated. The number of HCFs using
CBMWTFs are 1,31,837 and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own
treatment facilities on-site.
❖ Conclusion:-
BMWM should be a shared teamwork with committed government
backing, good BMW practices followed by both health-care workers and
health care facilities, continuous monitoring of BMW practices and strong
legislature. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe
environment. The pillar of BMWM is segregation of waste at source and
WR. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules
in terms of improved segregation, transportation and disposal methods to
decrease environmental pollution and ensure the safety of the staff,
patients and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and
development of newer novel, eco-friendly systems for disposal of BMW
should be encouraged. All participants in BMWM should pledge to
guarantee a cleaner and greener environment.

5. Submitted by:- Jaskirat Singh
Submitted to:- Mr. Jatin Anand
Roll no. :- 1704308
Department:- Civil Engineering / CTIT