The document provides a history of the development of Islamic states. It discusses the origins and spread of Islam beginning in the 7th century CE, including key events like the Hijra and Muhammad's conquest of Mecca. It outlines the early Islamic caliphates that ruled vast territories following Muhammad's death. The document also summarizes the ideological differences between Sunni and Shia Islam and provides timelines of important events and rulers in early Islamic history.

1. andand
History of Development of IslamicHistory of Development of Islamic
StatesStates
COL Engr JanosCOL Engr Janos TOMOLYATOMOLYA PhDPhD

2. SomeSome Basic Facts of IslamBasic Facts of Islam
 Islam is theIslam is the thirdthird in successionin succession of the threeof the three
great monotheisticgreat monotheistic faiths born in the Middlefaiths born in the Middle
East (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)East (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)
 Islam is theIslam is the secondsecond largest religion in worldlargest religion in world
(1.(1.6262 billion adherentsbillion adherents,, 23% of the global
population))
 Islam is theIslam is the fastestfastest growing religion in the worldgrowing religion in the world
The Basmala ("In the name of God, the
Most Gracious, the Most Merciful")

5. Why Islam is the fastest growing religion in theWhy Islam is the fastest growing religion in the
world ?world ?
1. fertility rates :
Each Muslim woman has an average of 3.1 children,
significantly above the next-highest group (Christians at 2.7)
and the average of all non-Muslims (2.3). In all major regions
where there is a sizable Muslim population, Muslim fertility
exceeds non-Muslim fertility.
2. size of youth populations :
The growth of the Muslim population also is helped by the fact
that Muslims have the youngest median age (23 in 2010) of all
major religious groups, seven years younger than the median
age of non-Muslims (30).
3. people switching faiths:
simple messages especially for uneducated people (for example
prisoners) Islam's doctrine is simple and rational, all believers
are equal, it is a "practical" religion, and lacks a priesthood.

6.  Muslims believe that the Qu'ran is God's word
as revealed to the prophet Muhammad (570-
632) through the angel Gabriel.
 According to Islam, there are 25 prophet that
sent by Allah;
 Five major prophets: Noah, Abraham, Moses,
Jesus and Muhammad (he is the last prophet).
 Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who
submits to God"
Basic Facts of IslamBasic Facts of Islam II.II.

7. • Only 18% of Muslims live in the Arab
world
• 20% are found in Sub-Saharan Africa
• 30% in the South Asian region of
Pakistan, India and Bangladesh
• The world's largest single Muslim
community is in Indonesia
• The Top 9: 1) Indonesia, 2) Pakistan,
3) Bangladesh, 4) India, 5) Turkey, 6)
Iran, 7) Egypt, 8) Nigeria, and 9) China
Where Do Muslims Live?Where Do Muslims Live?

9. Importance of ReligionImportance of Religion

11. The Religions of the WorldThe Religions of the World

13. Rate of BelieversRate of Believers

14. Rate of MuslimsRate of Muslims

15. Islam TermsIslam Terms
 Islam:Islam: an Arabic word that means “submittingan Arabic word that means “submitting
to God” and “peace”to God” and “peace”
 Muslim:Muslim: a person who follows the teachings ofa person who follows the teachings of
Islam and “submits to God and finds peace inIslam and “submits to God and finds peace in
Him”. All creation is Muslim.Him”. All creation is Muslim.
 Shahadah:Shahadah: ““There is no god butThere is no god but AllahAllah andand
Muhammad is the Messenger of GodMuhammad is the Messenger of God”.”.
 Allah:Allah: Arabic name for God. It is preferredArabic name for God. It is preferred
over other names because it has no genderover other names because it has no gender
affiliation and does not have pluralityaffiliation and does not have plurality

16. The Prophet Muhammad
• Born in Mecca in Arabia
• Raised by merchants
• Received a revelation from
Allah (God) during the
month of Ramadan
• Tension between Muhammad’s
monotheism and the
polytheism of the people of
Mecca

18. The Holy Quran
• Muslims believe the Quran is
the direct word of Allah
revealed to Muhammad
• Written and read in Arabic

19. QuranQuran
 Holy book of Islam which means “Holy book of Islam which means “recitationrecitation””
 Records the revealed word of God that came throughRecords the revealed word of God that came through
Angel Gabriel to Muhammad over 23 yearsAngel Gabriel to Muhammad over 23 years
 Muhammad dictated revelations to scribes andMuhammad dictated revelations to scribes and
companions whocompanions who memorizedmemorized passagespassages
 It is the only revealed book that hasIt is the only revealed book that has remained intact andremained intact and
unchangedunchanged since its revelation (oral tradition)since its revelation (oral tradition)
 Principle source of Muslim faith and practicePrinciple source of Muslim faith and practice
 Children learn toChildren learn to memorizememorize the Qur’an as a childthe Qur’an as a child
 Divided into 114Divided into 114 surassuras (chapters); longest chapter has 286(chapters); longest chapter has 286
verses, the shortest has 3 verses; approximately 78 000verses, the shortest has 3 verses; approximately 78 000
words in lengthwords in length

20. Islam and WarIslam and War
Like Christianity, Islam permitsLike Christianity, Islam permits
fighting in self defense, infighting in self defense, in
defense of religion, or on the part of those who havedefense of religion, or on the part of those who have
been expelled forcibly from their homesbeen expelled forcibly from their homes..
Strict rules for combat, which includes prohibitionsStrict rules for combat, which includes prohibitions
against harming civilians and against destroying crops,against harming civilians and against destroying crops,
trees and livestocktrees and livestock
““Fight in the cause of God against those who fightFight in the cause of God against those who fight
you, but do not transgress limits. God does not loveyou, but do not transgress limits. God does not love
transgressors” (Quran 2:190)transgressors” (Quran 2:190)
““And fight them until persecution is no more, andAnd fight them until persecution is no more, and
religion is for God. But if they desist, then let there bereligion is for God. But if they desist, then let there be
no hostility except against wrongdoers” (Quran 2:193)no hostility except against wrongdoers” (Quran 2:193)

21. Day ofDay of
JudgmentJudgment
 All humans will be bodilyAll humans will be bodily
resurrected and assembledresurrected and assembled
for final accounting of deedsfor final accounting of deeds
 Soul will move on to afterlifeSoul will move on to afterlife
 Upon theUpon the Final JudgmentFinal Judgment = world will end and we will= world will end and we will
stand before God to confront our own life and actionsstand before God to confront our own life and actions
 Desire for purified soul=Desire for purified soul= heavenheaven (eternal abode of(eternal abode of
beauty and majesty)beauty and majesty)
 Disbelievers and unpure soul=Disbelievers and unpure soul= hellhell (abode of great(abode of great
torment and anguish)torment and anguish)

22. JihadJihad
 Jihad does not mean “holy war”Jihad does not mean “holy war”
 Literally, jihad means toLiterally, jihad means to strive, struggle and exertstrive, struggle and exert
effort.effort.
 Concept includes struggle against evil inclinationsConcept includes struggle against evil inclinations
within oneself, struggle to improve quality of life inwithin oneself, struggle to improve quality of life in
society, struggle in the battlefield for self defensesociety, struggle in the battlefield for self defense
or fighting against tyranny or oppressionor fighting against tyranny or oppression
 There is no such thing as “holy war” in Islam, but itThere is no such thing as “holy war” in Islam, but it
is the frequent repetition in the West that manyis the frequent repetition in the West that many
people accept it as if it were a factpeople accept it as if it were a fact

23. Al Qaida and
affiliated groups
Salafi-jihad ideologySalafi-jihad ideology
Muslims
Islamists
Salafis
Jihadis

24. Short Timeline of IslamShort Timeline of Islam
 c. 570 CE Birth of Muhammad. 
c. 610 CE Muhammad receives first vision in a cave
near Mecca.; c. 610-22 CE Muhammad preaches in
Mecca.
 622 CE Hijira - Muhammad and followers flee to
Medina.
 624 CE Muslims successfully attack Meccan
caravans at Badr.
 625 Muslims are defeated by Meccans at Uhud.
 630 Muslims capture Mecca. Ka'ba is cleansed,
pilgrimage rites are Islamicized, tribes of Arabia vow
allegiance to Muhammad
 632 Death of Muhammad. Abu Bakr chosen as
caliph.

25. Spread of IslamSpread of Islam

27. The Islamic CaliphateThe Islamic Caliphate
After the death of Muhammad, caliphs (leaders) controlled the
Muslim world. Most famous caliphates: the Umayyad dynasty and
the Abbasid dynasty. Umayyad capital city: Damascus (in Syria).
Abbasid capital: Baghdad (in Iraq).

28. History of Islam
A panoramic view of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (the Mosque of the
Prophet) in Medina, Hejaz region, today's Saudi Arabia, the
second most sacred Mosque in Islam

29. Muhammad (610–632)
• Born: c. 570 in Mecca , Death: June 8, 632)
According to Islamic tradition, the
angel Gabriel appeared to the
Prophet over the course of 20 years,
revealing to him many messages
from God. Muslims recognize some
earlier Judeo-Christian prophets —
including Moses and Jesus — as
messengers of the same true God.
But in Islam, but Muhammad is the
last of the prophets.

30. MuhammadMuhammad
Mecca was not a kind, friendly
culture
These tribes all worshiped many
different gods (polytheistic)
Muhammad began working as a
merchant and was known for his
trustworthiness
Muhammad and Khadija (wife)
had 4 daughters and 2 sons

31. MuhammedMuhammed
The Prophet dedicated the remainder of his life to
spreading a message of monotheism in a
polytheistic world. In 622, he fled north to the city
of Medina to escape growing persecution. This
event marks the beginning of the Islamic
calendar.
Eight years later, Muhammad returned to Mecca
with an army and conquered the city for Islam. By
Muhammad's death, 50 years later, the entire
Arabian Peninsula had come under Muslim
control.

32. TheThe
„Hijra”„Hijra”
the
beginning
of the
Islamic
calendar.
622

33. Islam by theIslam by the
death ofdeath of
MohammedMohammed
632632

34. The Partisans Of AliThe Partisans Of Ali
The original split between Sunnis and Shiites
occurred soon after the death of the Prophet
Muhammad, in the year 632.
Muhammad died without successor.
Shia (an abbreviation of Shīʻatu ʻAlī) believed
that leadership should stay within the family of
the prophet, they favored Ali, who was married
to Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah.
Sunnis believed that leadership should fall to
the person who was deemed by the elite of the
community to be best able to lead the
community.

35. AliAli,, the fourth caliphthe fourth caliph

36. Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf
Assassinated in 661 by a

37. SymbologySymbology

38. 657 Siffin Agreement657 Siffin Agreement
Kharijites:
„Judgement
belongs to God
alone”
A Khariji later
assassinated Ali.

39. „„Battle” of Karbala in 680Battle” of Karbala in 680
Hussein ibn Ali

40. Hussein ibn Ali

41. SunniSunni
 Islam has many denominations but the
largest and most well known are the Sunni
and Shia
 Sunni is the largest sect of Islam.
 Sunni is about 80% of all Muslims).
 Sunni is the traditional path of the
religion
 Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs
were the right successors to Muhammad
and that a caliph should be chosen by all

42. ShiaShia
 Shia is about 10-20% of Islam
 It is the second largest branch of the religion
 They believe in the political and religious
leadership of Imam
 They believe that a caliph is appointed by
divine will
 There are also many branches that pertain to
Shia Islam
 The most famous is the Twelvers who follow a
tradition called Ja'fari jurisprudence.

43. IslamIslam byby countrycountry

45. The Golden Age of Islam (750-1258)The Golden Age of Islam (750-1258)
 Islam flourished as a religion during The
Golden Age
 The Golden Age took place during 750-
1258 AD
 It has now become the second largest
religion in the world, after Christianity
 Many people turned to Islam due to its
solid belief system
 Islam spread wide and fast across the
world and soon became a major religion

46. The Golden Age of IslamThe Golden Age of Islam

47. Fall of BagdadFall of Bagdad

48. Pre-Modern era
(1258–20th century)
Islam spread with Muslim trade networks (Silk
Road) and Sufi orders activity that extended into
Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and the Malay
archipelago.

49. Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

50. Decline
The Muslim world was generally in serious political
decline starting the 1800s, especially relative to the non-
Muslim European powers.
The Reconquista, launched against Muslim principalities
in Iberia, succeeded in 1492 and Muslim Sicily was lost
to the Normans.
By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had routed
Mughal armies, and won over several Mughal provinces
of India.
Further, by the 19th century the British Empire had
formally ended the last Mughal dynasty in India.
The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I and
the Caliphate was abolished in 1924

53. ColonasitaionColonasitaion

54. WWIWWI

55. Monarchies and RepublicsMonarchies and Republics

56. 3 kind of Islamic States3 kind of Islamic States
Imamat, monist (Shia)
Caliphate (Sunni)
„Umma” model (Khariji)

57. ImamatImamat
Imam means a leader or one who goes in
front
Imamat in the Sense of Leadership of
Society
Imamat in the Sense of Religious Authority

59. CaliphateCaliphate
The caliph is a person considered a political
and religious successor to the prophet
Muhammad and a leader of
the entire Muslim community.
A caliphate (Arabic: khilāfa) is a form
of Islamic government led by a caliph.
Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam
from the Ottoman dynasty.

60. Socialist oriented Arab countriesSocialist oriented Arab countries
Egypt 1952 „Free
Officers” Coup
Nasser: formation of
Arab Socialist Party
1954: Muslim
Brotherhood
tried to assassinate
Nasser

61. IraqIraq
Inspired by Nasser, a group of young officers
in Iraq successfully overthrew the Iraqi
monarchy in 1958
In 1963 an another group of officers took
over and formed the Iraq Ba’ath Socialist
Party.
Ba’ath Socialism became Iraq’s central
ideology and the Ba’ath Socialist Party the
country’s ruling outfit. This party and ideology
in Iraq would last till 2003 until the fall of its
last main man Saddam Hussein in 2003.

62. SyriaSyria
Ever since its independence in 1949, Syria had
been in turmoil and witnessed a number of coups
most of which were backed and planned by the
Syrian Ba’ath Socialist Party.
In 1956, Syria also became one of the first Arab
countries to enter the ‘Soviet camp’ as opposed
to the ‘American camp.’ Nasser’s Egypt soon
followed Syria’s lead and signed various defense,
economic and cultural pacts with the Soviet
Union.

63. SyriaSyria
In 1958 Syria and Egypt merged to become the United
Arab Republic (UAR).
The experiment was a disaster
The union was dissolved when the Ba’ath Socialist Party
in Syria engineered another coup in 1961.
Till 1970, Syrian politics was caught in a tense tussle
between the radical and moderate factions of the Ba’ath
Socialist Party until the party and government were
taken over by Hafizul Asad, an Army General.
Asad, an Alawite Muslim – a breakaway Shia Muslim
sect – would go on to stabilize Syria and rule as dictator
till his death in 2000.
Under him the Ba’ath Socialist Party and regime became
the most stable, as well as radical in any Arab country.

64. Hafizul Assad -- Bashar al-
Assad

65. AlgeriaAlgeria
In Algeria during that country’s nationalist struggle
against French colonialism that began to peak in the
1950s, the movement’s main outfit the Organisation
Spéciale (Special Organisation) began to be drawn
towards the ‘liberation philosophy’ of Arab/Ba’ath
Socialism.
In 1954 The Special Organisation merged with various
small left-wing nationalist groups and guerilla
organisations to form the National Liberation Front (or
the FLN – Front de Libération Nationale) that became
the largest nationalist outfit during the Algerian liberation
movement against French colonialists.

66. FLNFLN
Houari Boumedienne (right) in 1972. He ruled Algeria and headed
the FLN from 1965 till 1978, putting Algeria ‘on the socialist path.

67. AlgeriaAlgeria
War for independence1954 and 1962
the FLN became the first ruling party of independent Algeria.
Right away tensions emerged between FLN’s radical leader,
Ahmed Ben Bella and the more moderate, Houari Boumedienne.
In 1965 Boumedienne, with the help of the newly formed Algerian
army, toppled Ben Bella in a coup and became Algeria’s second
head of state.
He outlawed all other political parties, made FLN the sole ruling
party of Algeria, initiated a number of socialist economic polices,
and cracked down on Islamist and conservative religious groups.

68. Civil war in Algeria 1991-2002Civil war in Algeria 1991-2002
FIS (1989-1992)
FIDA (Merged with Mustapha Kartali & GIA)
GIA (1993-2004)
GSPC (1998-2007)
Takfir wal-Hijra
Following the December 1991 cancellation of elections
by Algeria’s governing National Liberation Front (FLN)
after gains by the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the first
round of voting, Islamist guerrillas launched a decade-
long civil war of horrific brutality that claimed upwards of
200,000 lives.

70. YemenYemen
During the height of a civil war (between Egypt-backed
nationalists and Saudi-supported monarchists) and anti-
colonial movement (against the British forces) in the
northern part of Yemen, the two main outfits leading the
nationalist movement were the Yemeni National
Liberation Front (NLF) and the Front for the Liberation of
Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY).
Both the political and guerilla groups were steeped in
Arab Socialism and were being led by Marxists.
When the fighting spilled into the South of the country it
intensified, so much so that the NLF and FLOSY began
to attack each another in spite of the fact that both were
inspired by Nasser’s Arab Socialism and were being
operated by Marxists.

71. YemenYemen
In 1967, NLF and FLOSY defeated the monarchists and
drove out the British from the south. NLF then went on to
crush the FLOSY and declared the south as an
independent republic.
In 1970, NLF named South Yemen as the Peoples
Democratic Republic of Yemen and formed the country’s
sole ruling party, the Yemeni Socialist Party.
The party right away signed defense, cultural and
economic pacts with communist regimes in Soviet
Union, China and Cuba.
North Yemen fell into the hands of forces being backed
and funded by Saudi Arabia and the US

72. YemenYemen
British soldiers pin National Liberation Front (NLF) sympathisers to
the wall in Aden, Yemen, 1967.

73. YemenYemen
Three leading members of Yemen’s NLF: Salim Rubai Ali (who
became President of South Yemen), Abdul Fattah Ismail, and Ali
al-Nasir Muhammad al-Hasani.

74. LybiaLybia
In Libya another admirer of Arab Socialism
and Nasser, Colonel Muammar Qadhafi,
replicated Egypt’s Free Officers Movement
and overthrew the Libyan monarchy in a
coup in 1969.
In 1971, he formed the Arab Socialist Union
(to be Libya’s sole ruling party), unleashed
various radical socialist policies, and signed
defense and economic pacts with the Soviet
Union.

75. LybiaLybia
Though vehemently opposed to pro-US Arab
monarchies (especially Saudi Arabia), and a close ally of
the Soviet Union, Qadhafi’s Libya, unlike other Arab
Socialist regimes of the time, began tempering Libya’s
version of Islamic Socialism by paralleling an anti-
Islamist policy with certain puritanical initiatives that saw
the outlawing of the sale and consumption of alcohol,
closure of nightclubs and a crackdown on Marxists in
universities and colleges.
In 1976 he published a book (called the ‘Green Book’) in
which he described his understanding of Islamic
Socialism. The book became a compulsory read for
school and college students.

76. A young Libyan college student blushes after shaking
hands with the then 29-year-old Qadhafi in 1970. Also
seen in the picture is Egyptian leader, Abdel Nasser,
who was on a visit to Libya.

77. Africa's King of KingsAfrica's King of Kings

78. What was written…What was written…

79. What was the reality….What was the reality….
Two opponents of the Qaddafi regime hanged in public

80. SudanSudan
Sudan gained its independence from Britain in
1956. Between 1957 and 1969, the country
experienced a turbulent period of democratically
elected right-wing coalition governments and one
military coup (1958).
In 1969, a military coup shaped on the dynamics
of Nasser’s Free Officers Movement took power.
The movement and coup were led by Gaafar
Nimeiry, a self-professed Arab Socialist and
Nasser enthusiast.

81. SudanSudan
Nimeiry announced his plan to base the country’s
society, politics and economics on ‘independent
Sudanese Socialism.’
Gaffar Nimeiry lights a cigarette after
taking over power in Sudan, 1969.

82. SudanSudan
The Nimeiry regime’s first cabinet included a
number of communists who helped him devise
and implement a series of socialistic economic
policies.
He also devised policies to restrict intervention
and influence of conservative Islamic elements in
the workings of the mosques and educational
institutions, suggesting that Islam was best
served when practiced in private.
Nimeiry struck strong relations with Arab Socialist
regimes in Libya, Egypt, Syria and Iraq and with
the Soviet Union.

83. Nimeiry, Nasser and Gaddafi in Tripoli, 1969.

84. SudanSudan
Perturbed by the Nimeiry regime’s strong socialist and
secular orientation, various right-wing Islamist outfits
merged to form the Ansar. After failing to dislodge the
regime, the Ansar (in 1971) took up arms and went to
war with government forces.
In a bloody battle that followed, the Ansar were routed
and its leader escaped abroad. In 1971, Nimeiry formed
the Sudan Socialist Union (SSU) that became Sudan’s
sole ruling party.
He described Sudan to be a ‘Socialist Democracy’ in
which Islam played a central but private role and was not
to be mixed with politics and government.

85. Shift to IslamismShift to Islamism
In 1972 Nimeiry signed the Addis Ababa
Agreement, ending the First Sudanese Civil War.
He later became an ally of the United States.
In the late 1970s he moved towards Islamism,
and in 1983 he imposed Sharia law throughout
the country, precipitating the Second Sudanese
Civil War.
He was ousted from power in 1985 and went into
exile in Egypt.
The „socialism” existed just 2 years in Sudan.

86. SomaliaSomalia

87. Colonial AfricaColonial Africa
 Africa was dividedAfrica was divided
based uponbased upon
European needsEuropean needs
 not considered werenot considered were
ethnic groups,ethnic groups,
economiceconomic
structures, historicalstructures, historical
cooperation orcooperation or
conflictconflict
 Somali dividedSomali divided
among Italy, Britainamong Italy, Britain
and Franceand France

88. Somali IndependenceSomali Independence
 1900—began fighting against European1900—began fighting against European
dominationdomination
 1960—independence from Britain1960—independence from Britain
– North and South UnitedNorth and South United
– Wanted to reclaim ‘Lost Lands’Wanted to reclaim ‘Lost Lands’
 Ogaden Province of Ethiopia: home to ethnicOgaden Province of Ethiopia: home to ethnic
Somalis, Ogaden ClanSomalis, Ogaden Clan
 Northern Frontier Province of KenyaNorthern Frontier Province of Kenya
 DjiboutiDjibouti
 ““Somalia is the only state in Africa all of whoseSomalia is the only state in Africa all of whose
members share a history, language, and culture.”members share a history, language, and culture.”
(B. H. Selassie, p. 98).(B. H. Selassie, p. 98).

89. Copyright: NationMaster, 2003-2009.
For large image click the following link:
http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/africa/somalia_ethnic_2002.jpg

90. Organization of African Unity,Organization of African Unity,
19641964
 Meets in CairoMeets in Cairo
 Recognized the colonial inherited bordersRecognized the colonial inherited borders
 Somali objectsSomali objects
– Right to self-determination of those Somalis inRight to self-determination of those Somalis in
other countries, particularly Ogaden Province,other countries, particularly Ogaden Province,
EthiopiaEthiopia

91. Cold War TensionsCold War Tensions
 United States: Supports EthiopiaUnited States: Supports Ethiopia
 Somalia requests arms from US, 1962Somalia requests arms from US, 1962
– RefusedRefused
 Somalia begins receiving Soviet Aid, 1964Somalia begins receiving Soviet Aid, 1964
– Soviets trying to build up their navySoviets trying to build up their navy
– Mogadishu’s Army 20,000 strong equipped withMogadishu’s Army 20,000 strong equipped with
Russian tanks and squadrons of MiG fightersRussian tanks and squadrons of MiG fighters
 Somalia joins the Arab LeagueSomalia joins the Arab League
– Islam is practiced; however, Somalis are not ArabIslam is practiced; however, Somalis are not Arab

92. General Siad BarreGeneral Siad Barre
October 21, 1969 takesOctober 21, 1969 takes
over powerover power
1970: Claims Scientific1970: Claims Scientific
Socialism for SomaliaSocialism for Somalia
—aligns with the—aligns with the
Soviet Union andSoviet Union and
ChinaChina
Unifies the varied clansUnifies the varied clans
in pursuit ofin pursuit of
nationalistic goalsnationalistic goals
For large image click the following link:
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~hmohamed/somalis.html

95. Bloodiest battle in any
UN PKO:
-18 US soldiers
dead, 78 wounded
- Approx. 1500
Somalis killed, 4000+
wounded

96. The Muslim World
• Major groups of Muslims: Sunnis and Shi’ites
• Most Muslims are Sunnis
•

102. Islam and WomenIslam and Women
 Women dress modestly out of reverence forWomen dress modestly out of reverence for
God, not for men. Muslim women are not moreGod, not for men. Muslim women are not more
submissive than other women. Some arguesubmissive than other women. Some argue
that Muslim women, in fact, have been treatedthat Muslim women, in fact, have been treated
better than women in other cultures. Forbetter than women in other cultures. For
example, women in Islam were given the rightexample, women in Islam were given the right
to vote about 1,400 years ago, centuries beforeto vote about 1,400 years ago, centuries before
other women. Of course, like many otherother women. Of course, like many other
cultures, patriarchal culture can corrupt Muslimcultures, patriarchal culture can corrupt Muslim
culture.culture.

103. Understanding IslamUnderstanding Islam
 Islam is aIslam is a rationalrational religion:religion:
““The vilest of creatures are thoseThe vilest of creatures are those
who choose to be deaf andwho choose to be deaf and
dumb and do not use theirdumb and do not use their
reason.reason.” (Qur’an 8:2)” (Qur’an 8:2)
 Muhammad reminded hisMuhammad reminded his
followers that “followers that “The first thing GodThe first thing God
created was reasoncreated was reason”. Therefore,”. Therefore,
believers must takebelievers must take personalpersonal
responsibilityresponsibility for one’s actionsfor one’s actions
and faith.and faith.

104. Freedom of ConscienceFreedom of Conscience
 ““There is no compulsion in religion. TruthThere is no compulsion in religion. Truth
stands out clearly from falsehood;stands out clearly from falsehood;
whoever rejects evil and believes in Godwhoever rejects evil and believes in God
has grasped the strongest rope that neverhas grasped the strongest rope that never
breaks. And God is All Hearing and Allbreaks. And God is All Hearing and All
Knowing”Knowing”
Qur’an 2:256Qur’an 2:256

105. BeliefsBeliefs
1.1. Belief in only One GodBelief in only One God.. He is defined as Eternal, Absolute,He is defined as Eternal, Absolute,
Infinite, Compassionate and Merciful, the sole Creator andInfinite, Compassionate and Merciful, the sole Creator and
Provider.Provider.
2.2. Engage only in Righteous ActionsEngage only in Righteous Actions in all areas: spiritual,in all areas: spiritual,
intellectual and physical activity.intellectual and physical activity.
3.3. All God’s creation is “Muslim”.All God’s creation is “Muslim”. Only humans are givenOnly humans are given
CHOICE to submit (be Muslim) or reject submission to God’s will.CHOICE to submit (be Muslim) or reject submission to God’s will.
4.4. All children are born without sin and are MuslimAll children are born without sin and are Muslim. As they. As they
grow older, they make their religious CHOICE.grow older, they make their religious CHOICE.
5.5. God created human beings with a body and soul.God created human beings with a body and soul. TheThe
body is a temporal host for this life, whereas the soul is eternal. Itbody is a temporal host for this life, whereas the soul is eternal. It
is the soul that will survive beyond death.is the soul that will survive beyond death.
6.6. Universality of the call.Universality of the call. All Muslims are brothers and equalsAll Muslims are brothers and equals
without any distinction of class, race or tongue. Superiority is onlywithout any distinction of class, race or tongue. Superiority is only
based on the greater fear of God and greater piety.based on the greater fear of God and greater piety.

107. PracticesPractices
PrayerPrayer
 worshippers line up in rows andworshippers line up in rows and
enact ritual in unison (prostration)enact ritual in unison (prostration)
 Friday midday prayers at mosqueFriday midday prayers at mosque
FastingFasting
 month of Ramadan (ninth month of lunarmonth of Ramadan (ninth month of lunar
year) to test the spirit, discipline the willyear) to test the spirit, discipline the will
and remind of the hungry and poorand remind of the hungry and poor
 Numerous important events took placeNumerous important events took place
during Ramadan (first revelation in 610 CE,during Ramadan (first revelation in 610 CE,
flight to Mecca in 622 CE, victory in 624flight to Mecca in 622 CE, victory in 624
CE)CE)
 Ramadan ends with Eid al-Fitr (period ofRamadan ends with Eid al-Fitr (period of
spiritual and moral renewal)spiritual and moral renewal)

108. MosqueMosque
 Muslim place of worship MuslimsMuslim place of worship Muslims
come together in a mosque for prayerscome together in a mosque for prayers
at midday on Friday (Muslim Holy Day)at midday on Friday (Muslim Holy Day)
 MIHRABMIHRAB= small arch or hole in wall= small arch or hole in wall
indicates the direction of the Ka’bah inindicates the direction of the Ka’bah in
MeccaMecca
 MINARETMINARET= high tower or dome from= high tower or dome from
which a muezzin calls the faithful towhich a muezzin calls the faithful to
prayerprayer
 WUDUWUDU= cleansing process before= cleansing process before
prayer (water)prayer (water)
 IMAMIMAM= chief officer in the mosque who= chief officer in the mosque who
leads prayersleads prayers

110. PROPHET’S MOSQUE in Madinah: the first mosque in
Islam

111. al-Fatihah (The Opening)al-Fatihah (The Opening)
Qur’an 1: 1-7Qur’an 1: 1-7
““In the name of Allah, Most Gracious MostIn the name of Allah, Most Gracious Most
Merciful. Praise be to Allah, the CherisherMerciful. Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher
and Sustainer of the Worlds. Mostand Sustainer of the Worlds. Most
Gracious, Most Merciful. Master of theGracious, Most Merciful. Master of the
Day of Judgment. Thee do we worshipDay of Judgment. Thee do we worship
and Thine aid we seek: Show us theand Thine aid we seek: Show us the
straight way. The way of those on whomstraight way. The way of those on whom
Thou hast bestowed Thy Grace, thoseThou hast bestowed Thy Grace, those
whose portion is not wrath and who go notwhose portion is not wrath and who go not
astray.”astray.”

112. TheThe KabahKabah
 KabahKabah- cube shaped- cube shaped
building that was built bybuilding that was built by
Abraham to honour GodAbraham to honour God
 Viewed as Adam’sViewed as Adam’s
original place of worshiporiginal place of worship
 Was filled with idols asWas filled with idols as
people in Arabia followedpeople in Arabia followed
polytheismpolytheism
 Muhammad- receivedMuhammad- received
revelations that led torevelations that led to
Islam and monotheismIslam and monotheism
(and removal of idols)(and removal of idols)
 Site ofSite of hajjhajj- pilgrimage to- pilgrimage to
MeccaMecca

118. MuhammadMuhammad
 SEAL of the Prophets (last in a line of 28SEAL of the Prophets (last in a line of 28
Prophets who all preached the religion of Islam)Prophets who all preached the religion of Islam)
 Born in 570 CEBorn in 570 CE
 Each succeeding Prophet added or improved upon theEach succeeding Prophet added or improved upon the
cumulative message of Islamcumulative message of Islam
 Through Muhammand (PBUH), the message of Islam wasThrough Muhammand (PBUH), the message of Islam was
completed and is preserved intact in the Qur’ancompleted and is preserved intact in the Qur’an
 In 622 CE, hijrah (migration) where Muhammad movedIn 622 CE, hijrah (migration) where Muhammad moved
from Mecca to Madinah (marks the beginning of thefrom Mecca to Madinah (marks the beginning of the
Muslim calendar)Muslim calendar)
 Islam spread to Arabia, Spain and as far East as ChinaIslam spread to Arabia, Spain and as far East as China

119. Other ProphetsOther Prophets
 These Prophets are regarded asThese Prophets are regarded as
most significant:most significant: Muhammad,Muhammad,
Moses, Abraham and NoahMoses, Abraham and Noah
 JesusJesus is highly respected andis highly respected and
considered as a great prophet byconsidered as a great prophet by
MuslimsMuslims
 Qur’an re-affirms the miraculousQur’an re-affirms the miraculous
birth and abilities of Jesusbirth and abilities of Jesus
 Muslims believe in the SecondMuslims believe in the Second
Coming of Jesus before the end ofComing of Jesus before the end of
timetime

120. Human EqualityHuman Equality
 ““O humankind! You were created from a singleO humankind! You were created from a single
soul, male and female, and made you intosoul, male and female, and made you into
peoples and tribes. So that you may know onepeoples and tribes. So that you may know one
another. Truly, the most honored of you inanother. Truly, the most honored of you in
God’s sight is the greatest of you in piety. GodGod’s sight is the greatest of you in piety. God
is All Knowing, All Aware”is All Knowing, All Aware”
(Qur’an 49:13)(Qur’an 49:13)

121. Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights
 According to Qur’an, men and women are equalAccording to Qur’an, men and women are equal
before Godbefore God
 Under Islamic law, women have the right to ownUnder Islamic law, women have the right to own
property, receive an education and take part inproperty, receive an education and take part in
community lifecommunity life
 Islamic rules for simple, modest and dignifiedIslamic rules for simple, modest and dignified
dress applies to women and men equallydress applies to women and men equally
 In many Muslim countries there are culturalIn many Muslim countries there are cultural
practices that are inconsistent and contrary topractices that are inconsistent and contrary to
the authentic teachings of Islamthe authentic teachings of Islam

122. Islam: ControversialIslam: Controversial
IssuesIssues
 PolygamyPolygamy
 Jihad vs. Holy WarJihad vs. Holy War
 Hijab : liberation or suppressionHijab : liberation or suppression
 Muhammad Cartoons: freedom of speechMuhammad Cartoons: freedom of speech
vs freedom of religionvs freedom of religion
 Appeal of Suicide BombersAppeal of Suicide Bombers
 Afghanistan's TalibanAfghanistan's Taliban
 War on IslamWar on Islam

123.  In the Islamic way of thinking religion is relatedIn the Islamic way of thinking religion is related
to politics - but this does not mean man doesto politics - but this does not mean man does
not need the rationality of modern sciencenot need the rationality of modern science
 Instead, it means that a devoted religious manInstead, it means that a devoted religious man
should try to co-ordinate his political reactionsshould try to co-ordinate his political reactions
with his religious values.with his religious values.
 DR MOHSEN KADIVAR, Iranian clericDR MOHSEN KADIVAR, Iranian cleric
Role of Islam in SocietyRole of Islam in Society

124.  ““In the Islamic system of values and from the point of view ofIn the Islamic system of values and from the point of view of
Muslim fundamentalists, religion cannot be separated fromMuslim fundamentalists, religion cannot be separated from
any aspect of life.”any aspect of life.”
 ““Religion is omnipresent in every aspect of a MuslimReligion is omnipresent in every aspect of a Muslim
individual's private and social life from the economy to socialindividual's private and social life from the economy to social
relations.”relations.”
 ““What does harm to the society is not religion - it is the way inWhat does harm to the society is not religion - it is the way in
which some of the rulers take advantage of religion”which some of the rulers take advantage of religion”
DR MEHDI KHAZALI, Iranian clericDR MEHDI KHAZALI, Iranian cleric
Role of Islam in SocietyRole of Islam in Society

125. Terrorism and The MuslimTerrorism and The Muslim
BrotherhoodBrotherhood
– ““God is our purpose, the Prophet our leader,God is our purpose, the Prophet our leader,
the Qu’ran our constitution, jihad our way andthe Qu’ran our constitution, jihad our way and
dying for God’s cause our supreme objective.”dying for God’s cause our supreme objective.”
Hassan al-Banna founder of the MuslimHassan al-Banna founder of the Muslim
BrotherhoodBrotherhood

126. 126126
Merging the Taliban and Al QaedaMerging the Taliban and Al Qaeda
 In the early 1980s, Mustafa Abu al-Yazid served threeIn the early 1980s, Mustafa Abu al-Yazid served three
years in an Egyptian prison for links to the groupyears in an Egyptian prison for links to the group
responsible for the 1981 assassination of Egyptianresponsible for the 1981 assassination of Egyptian
President Anwar Sadat (the Muslim Brotherhood).President Anwar Sadat (the Muslim Brotherhood).
After his release, Yazid went to Afghanistan, andAfter his release, Yazid went to Afghanistan, and
became a founding member of Al Qaeda.became a founding member of Al Qaeda.
 He followed bin Laden to Sudan and back toHe followed bin Laden to Sudan and back to
Afghanistan, where he served as al Qaeda's chiefAfghanistan, where he served as al Qaeda's chief
financial officer, managing secret bank accounts in thefinancial officer, managing secret bank accounts in the
Persian Gulf that were used to finance the Sept. 11Persian Gulf that were used to finance the Sept. 11
attacks.attacks.
 After the U.S. and its allies invaded Afghanistan inAfter the U.S. and its allies invaded Afghanistan in
2001, Yazid went into hiding for years. He surfaced in2001, Yazid went into hiding for years. He surfaced in
May 2007 during a 45-minute interview posted on theMay 2007 during a 45-minute interview posted on the
Web by al Sabah, in which he was introduced as theWeb by al Sabah, in which he was introduced as the
``official in charge'' of the terrorist movement's``official in charge'' of the terrorist movement's
operations in Afghanistan.operations in Afghanistan.
 Mustafa Abu al-Yazid, the terror leader who earlier thisMustafa Abu al-Yazid, the terror leader who earlier this
year said he would use nukes on America if he couldyear said he would use nukes on America if he could
only get his hands on some.only get his hands on some.

127. 127127
Muslim Brotherhood Organizations
Islamic Jihad,
Al-Gama’a al
Islamiya, Jihad
Talaat al-Fath
Hamas
Al Qaeda
Hezbollah
Jamaat-e-Islami
Islamic Salvation Front,
Armed Islamic Group
Hizballah Al-Hijaz
National Islamic Front
Jemaah Islamiyah

128. Radical Muslim Terror Attacks in EuropeRadical Muslim Terror Attacks in Europe
 Mar. 2004 Madrid train bombings by an al-Qaeda-inspiredMar. 2004 Madrid train bombings by an al-Qaeda-inspired
terrorist cell, three days before Spain's general elections. 191terrorist cell, three days before Spain's general elections. 191
killed; 1,755 wounded.killed; 1,755 wounded.
 Nov. 2004 – Dutch film-maker Theo van Gogh is murdered byNov. 2004 – Dutch film-maker Theo van Gogh is murdered by
Islamic extremist Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch citizen.Islamic extremist Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch citizen.
 July 2005 - 52 people died in the London bombings carried outJuly 2005 - 52 people died in the London bombings carried out
by four British Muslims.by four British Muslims.
 Oct. 2005 - More than three weeks of rioting in France's mainlyOct. 2005 - More than three weeks of rioting in France's mainly
Muslim suburbsMuslim suburbs
 Jan. 2006 - Violent protests across Europe and Middle MastJan. 2006 - Violent protests across Europe and Middle Mast
over publication by a Danish newspaper of cartoons of theover publication by a Danish newspaper of cartoons of the
Prophet Mohammed.Prophet Mohammed.

129. Non-Assimilation in EuropeNon-Assimilation in Europe
 FranceFrance – Oct. 2005 riots in Muslim suburb of Paris; continued– Oct. 2005 riots in Muslim suburb of Paris; continued
concentration in poor suburbs of urban areas since 1980’sconcentration in poor suburbs of urban areas since 1980’s
including Paris, Lille, Lyon, Marseilleincluding Paris, Lille, Lyon, Marseille
 BritainBritain – Almost half the 1350 mosques are run by radical– Almost half the 1350 mosques are run by radical
Deobandi sect that created the Taliban. A new generation ofDeobandi sect that created the Taliban. A new generation of
British imams have a radical agenda: scorn for Muslims whoBritish imams have a radical agenda: scorn for Muslims who
say they are British; preach friendship with a Jew or a Christiansay they are British; preach friendship with a Jew or a Christian
makes “a mockery of Allah’s religion”. Seventeen of Britain’smakes “a mockery of Allah’s religion”. Seventeen of Britain’s
26 Islamic seminaries are run by Deobandis.26 Islamic seminaries are run by Deobandis.
 NetherlandsNetherlands – Imams at 180 of 450 mosques have left; the– Imams at 180 of 450 mosques have left; the
vacuum is being filled by unqualified, radical preachers. Onevacuum is being filled by unqualified, radical preachers. One
million Muslims in Netherlands. Uproar over Nov. 2006 ban onmillion Muslims in Netherlands. Uproar over Nov. 2006 ban on
burqas in public places.burqas in public places.

130. 130130
Oct. 16, 2009 Protesters rallied as anti-Islamic
Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders held a news
conference in London.

132. 132132
ShariaShariahh

134. RadicalsRadicals

135. 135135
Partial Assimilation in the U.S.Partial Assimilation in the U.S.
 Roughly 5M Muslims in the U.S. accounting for aboutRoughly 5M Muslims in the U.S. accounting for about
1.6% of the U.S. population.1.6% of the U.S. population.
 Largest segment is African-Americans (42% of U.S.Largest segment is African-Americans (42% of U.S.
Muslims); followed by south Asians (24%), then ArabsMuslims); followed by south Asians (24%), then Arabs
(12%). Other groups contribute 5% or less to the U.S.(12%). Other groups contribute 5% or less to the U.S.
Muslim population.Muslim population.
 Largest populations are in California (1M), New YorkLargest populations are in California (1M), New York
(800K), Illinois (420K), and New Jersey (200K);(800K), Illinois (420K), and New Jersey (200K);
Indiana, Michigan, Virginia, Texas and Ohio containIndiana, Michigan, Virginia, Texas and Ohio contain
fewer than 200K each.fewer than 200K each.
 The U.S. has 843 mosques and 165 Islamic schoolsThe U.S. has 843 mosques and 165 Islamic schools

136. Imam KhomeiniImam Khomeini
"There is no room for play in Islam... It is deadly
serious about everything."
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Speech at Qum, reported in Time magazine January 7,
1980

137. "The Vampires of the
West and East all feeding
on the Muslim Ummah."
Revolutionary Art

138. Muslim clergy and soldiers clasp hands in friendship
atop an armored personnel carrier.

139. Bernard Lewis:
- Who did this to us?
- Blaming the West vs. corrupt regimes vs. each other
- Islam and liberal democracy - compatible?
Communication Filters vis-à-vis West . . .
Radical IslamRadical Islam
Across the globe, there are
terrorists killing in the name of
Islam, but a new study shows
that al Qaeda attacks kill eight
times more Muslims than
non-Muslims.

140. The radical neo-fundamentalists view the action as more
important than the result. Thus, individual jihad becomes
more important than victory. The goal is to serve God,
not to achieve a certain political agenda. The results will
come when God wills it.
- Magnus Norell
Radical IslamRadical Islam

143. The Main Categories of Non-The Main Categories of Non-
State Terrorist GroupsState Terrorist Groups
 Ethno-nationalist separatist and irredentistEthno-nationalist separatist and irredentist
groupsgroups
 Secular left-wing groupsSecular left-wing groups
 Secular right-wing groupsSecular right-wing groups
 Religious terrorist groupsReligious terrorist groups
 Single-issue groupsSingle-issue groups

144. Types Religious Terrorist GroupsTypes Religious Terrorist Groups
Jihadist GroupsJihadist Groups
Different Interest Integrating Groups(al –QaDifferent Interest Integrating Groups(al –Qaeeda)da)
State Sponsored Groups (Hezbollah)State Sponsored Groups (Hezbollah)
Geographically fixed Groups (Hamas)Geographically fixed Groups (Hamas)

145. 1) Islamist terrorism;
2) Jewish fundamentalist terrorism, primarily
inside Israel;
3) Christian terrorism, which can be further
subdivided into fundamentalist terrorism of an
Orthodox (mainly in Russia), Catholic, or
Protestant stamp (which, in the U.S., is
especially aimed at stopping the provision of
abortions) and terrorism inspired by the
idiosyncratic Christian Identity doctrine;
4) Hindu fundamentalist/nationalist terrorism;
5) Terrorism carried out by apocalyptic religious
cults.
Types Religious Terrorist GroupsTypes Religious Terrorist Groups IIII

146. 146146
The Global CaliphateThe Global Caliphate
 The Taliban and Al Qaeda in AfghanistanThe Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan
20092009
 The Global CaliphateThe Global Caliphate
 Why Islamic Radicals Hate the U.S. andWhy Islamic Radicals Hate the U.S. and
the Westthe West
 Non-assimilation in EuropeNon-assimilation in Europe
 Partial Assimilation in the U.S.Partial Assimilation in the U.S.
 What Islam is NotWhat Islam is Not

147. What Islam is Not

148. 148148
The Arab SpringThe Arab Spring
 Al Qaeda in IraqAl Qaeda in Iraq
 TunisiaTunisia
 EgyptEgypt
 LibyaLibya
 BahrainBahrain
 YemenYemen
 Syria is DifferentSyria is Different
 Mali and AQIMMali and AQIM

149. 149149
Al Qaeda in IraqAl Qaeda in Iraq
2003 - Al Qaeda in Iraq draws on Sunni Baathists to form an2003 - Al Qaeda in Iraq draws on Sunni Baathists to form an
insurgency, supported by Iran.insurgency, supported by Iran.
– Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) is 90% Iraqi membership however the leadershipAl Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) is 90% Iraqi membership however the leadership
and suicide bombers are 90% foreign fighters.and suicide bombers are 90% foreign fighters.
• Originally led by Jordanian, Abu Musab alOriginally led by Jordanian, Abu Musab al
Zarqawi, who targeted Shia to provoke a Shia-Zarqawi, who targeted Shia to provoke a Shia-
Sunni civil war.Sunni civil war.
– Aug 03 bomb killed 85 Shia in Najaf; Mar 04 attacks Shia mosques duringAug 03 bomb killed 85 Shia in Najaf; Mar 04 attacks Shia mosques during
Ashura, killing over 180; Feb 06 destroyed Shia Mosque in SamarraAshura, killing over 180; Feb 06 destroyed Shia Mosque in Samarra
 June 2006 killed by U.S. forces; succeeded by Abu Ayyub al-Masri,June 2006 killed by U.S. forces; succeeded by Abu Ayyub al-Masri,
an Egyptianan Egyptian
Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi

150. 150150
Al Qaeda in IraqAl Qaeda in Iraq
 AQI recruits Sunnis and uses violence to terrorizeAQI recruits Sunnis and uses violence to terrorize
Sunnis into participation.Sunnis into participation.
 By 2006 AQI was so unpopular their continuedBy 2006 AQI was so unpopular their continued
presence relied on continuous violence against theirpresence relied on continuous violence against their
hosts.hosts.
 AQI tried to solidify its position in Anbar by marryingAQI tried to solidify its position in Anbar by marrying
some of its senior leaders to the daughters of Anbarisome of its senior leaders to the daughters of Anbari
tribal leaders, as al Qaeda has done in South Asia.tribal leaders, as al Qaeda has done in South Asia.
The sheikhs resisted; AQI attacked them and theirThe sheikhs resisted; AQI attacked them and their
families.families.
 AQI operations in Anbar were broken by sustainedAQI operations in Anbar were broken by sustained
operations by Iraqi security forces assisting theoperations by Iraqi security forces assisting the
coalition surge and commitment to remain in thecoalition surge and commitment to remain in the
province after clearing AQI leaders to prevent theirprovince after clearing AQI leaders to prevent their

151. 151151
Close confidant of Ayman al Zawahiri; aClose confidant of Ayman al Zawahiri; a
member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the groupmember of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the group
that folded into al Qaeda under Zawahiri’sthat folded into al Qaeda under Zawahiri’s
leadership.leadership.
2002 - Entered Iraq prior to US invasion,2002 - Entered Iraq prior to US invasion,
established the first terror cell in Baghdad.established the first terror cell in Baghdad.
Experienced bomb maker; built car bombs andExperienced bomb maker; built car bombs and
trained al Qaeda operatives.trained al Qaeda operatives.
Attempted to unite disparate Sunni insurgentAttempted to unite disparate Sunni insurgent
groupsgroups
Oct 2006 - Al Qaeda established “Islamic StateOct 2006 - Al Qaeda established “Islamic State
of Iraq”of Iraq”
April 2010 killed by American and Iraqi forcesApril 2010 killed by American and Iraqi forces
near Tikritnear Tikrit
Abu Ayyub al-MasriAbu Ayyub al-Masri
Abu Ayyub al-Masri

152. 152152
The “Awakening People”The “Awakening People”
 9/17/08 Dexter Filkins, NYTimes reporter and author of "Forever War"9/17/08 Dexter Filkins, NYTimes reporter and author of "Forever War"
interviewed 9/17/08 on National Public Radio’s Morning Edition program.interviewed 9/17/08 on National Public Radio’s Morning Edition program.
 Gen. Odierno (who relieved Gen. David Petraeus as Commanding General ofGen. Odierno (who relieved Gen. David Petraeus as Commanding General of
Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I)) commented that al Qaeda drove carMulti-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I)) commented that al Qaeda drove car
bombs into Shia mosques, and Shia militias would then retaliate in Sunnibombs into Shia mosques, and Shia militias would then retaliate in Sunni
neighborhoods. When the Sunni turned on al Qaeda the cycle was broken.neighborhoods. When the Sunni turned on al Qaeda the cycle was broken.
 The “awakening people” had been insurgents; then placed on the US payroll,The “awakening people” had been insurgents; then placed on the US payroll,
about $500/mo. They wiped out much of the al Qaeda leadership in Iraq.about $500/mo. They wiped out much of the al Qaeda leadership in Iraq.
The more moderate Iraqi insurgents turned on the fanatic al Qaeda leadersThe more moderate Iraqi insurgents turned on the fanatic al Qaeda leaders
who were not capable of change and were killing Shia and keeping the civilwho were not capable of change and were killing Shia and keeping the civil
war alive. A Sunni sheikh told Filkins that in six weeks they killed 466 alwar alive. A Sunni sheikh told Filkins that in six weeks they killed 466 al
Qaeda leaders in his area, and he was very pleased with this. "We have aQaeda leaders in his area, and he was very pleased with this. "We have a
list“ said the sheikh.list“ said the sheikh.
 Filkins recounts how Baghdad has changed since 2003: neighborhoodsFilkins recounts how Baghdad has changed since 2003: neighborhoods
where Americans couldn't even go in 2003 are now safe for Americans to gowhere Americans couldn't even go in 2003 are now safe for Americans to go
jogging, as Filkins did. "Now women are walking around alone, which wasjogging, as Filkins did. "Now women are walking around alone, which was
unheard of. They were wearing jeans and not covering their heads. It wasunheard of. They were wearing jeans and not covering their heads. It was
completely normal."completely normal."
 Reference: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94668565Reference: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94668565

153. 153153

154. 154154

155. TunisiaTunisia
 Dec 2010 – 26-year-old vendorDec 2010 – 26-year-old vendor
Mohamed Bouazizi immolatesMohamed Bouazizi immolates
himself after police confiscatehimself after police confiscate
his fruit and vegetable carthis fruit and vegetable cart
because he lacks a permit;because he lacks a permit;
protests and then riots followprotests and then riots follow
 Jan 2011 - Pres. Zine El AbidineJan 2011 - Pres. Zine El Abidine
Ben Ali flees to Saudi ArabiaBen Ali flees to Saudi Arabia
ending more than 20 years ofending more than 20 years of
dictatorshipdictatorship
 Oct 2011 – Islamic partyOct 2011 – Islamic party
Ennahda wins first electionsEnnahda wins first elections
155155

156. EgyptEgypt
 Jan 2011 protest erupt in Cairo’s Tahrir squareJan 2011 protest erupt in Cairo’s Tahrir square
 Feb 2011 Pres. Hasni Mubarak steps down after nearly 30 years in power.Feb 2011 Pres. Hasni Mubarak steps down after nearly 30 years in power.
The Muslim Brotherhood is the major opposition to the governmentThe Muslim Brotherhood is the major opposition to the government
 Aug 2011 – Mubarak goes on trialAug 2011 – Mubarak goes on trial
 Oct 2011 – Coptic Christians protest destruction of a church by Islamists;Oct 2011 – Coptic Christians protest destruction of a church by Islamists;
Army attacks protesters with tanks, killing 27Army attacks protesters with tanks, killing 27
 Nov 2011 – Muslim Brotherhood elected to a majority of seatsNov 2011 – Muslim Brotherhood elected to a majority of seats
 June 2012 – Mohammed Morsi of Muslim Brotherhood elected president;June 2012 – Mohammed Morsi of Muslim Brotherhood elected president;
Mubarek sentenced to life in prisonMubarek sentenced to life in prison
 Nov 2012 – Protests against Morsi’s draft constitution giving him unlimitedNov 2012 – Protests against Morsi’s draft constitution giving him unlimited
power including legislation without judicial oversight; drafted by Muslimpower including legislation without judicial oversight; drafted by Muslim
Brotherhood and Salafist allies, it could allow clerics to intervene inBrotherhood and Salafist allies, it could allow clerics to intervene in
lawmaking and leave minority groups without proper legal protectionlawmaking and leave minority groups without proper legal protection
 Dec 2012 – Morsi signs new constitution into lawDec 2012 – Morsi signs new constitution into law
156156

157. LibyaLibya
 Feb 2011 – Protest begin in BenghaziFeb 2011 – Protest begin in Benghazi
after the arrest of a human rights activistafter the arrest of a human rights activist
 Mar 2011 – UN authorizes a no-fly zone;Mar 2011 – UN authorizes a no-fly zone;
NATO airstrikes beginNATO airstrikes begin
 Aug 2011 – Rebels enter TripoliAug 2011 – Rebels enter Tripoli
 Oct 2011 – Moammar Gadhafi killed byOct 2011 – Moammar Gadhafi killed by
rebels in Sirterebels in Sirte
 Sept 2012 – Al Qaeda in IslamicSept 2012 – Al Qaeda in Islamic
Mahgreb (AQIM), Al-Qaida affiliateMahgreb (AQIM), Al-Qaida affiliate
“Imprisoned Omar Abdul Rahman“Imprisoned Omar Abdul Rahman
Brigades”, and Ansar alShariah attackBrigades”, and Ansar alShariah attack
US consulate and CIA annes inUS consulate and CIA annes in
Benghazi, killing AmbassadorBenghazi, killing Ambassador
Christopher Stevens, Information OfficerChristopher Stevens, Information Officer
Sean Smith, embassy securitySean Smith, embassy security
personnel Glen Doherty and Tyronepersonnel Glen Doherty and Tyrone
Woods, and injuring 10 othersWoods, and injuring 10 others

158. BahrainBahrain
 Jan - Feb 2011: weeks of protests in BahrainJan - Feb 2011: weeks of protests in Bahrain
are crushed by troops from Saudi Arabiaare crushed by troops from Saudi Arabia
 Nov 2011 – King Hamad bin Isa Al KhalifaNov 2011 – King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
promises reformspromises reforms
158158

159. YemenYemen
 Feb 2011 – Protests in Yemen erupt then subsideFeb 2011 – Protests in Yemen erupt then subside
when President Ali Abdullah Saleh pledges not towhen President Ali Abdullah Saleh pledges not to
seek another termseek another term
 June 2011 – Saleh injured in an explosion; goes toJune 2011 – Saleh injured in an explosion; goes to
Saudi Arabia for treatment but does not relinquishSaudi Arabia for treatment but does not relinquish
powerpower
 Nov 2011 – Saleh steps down after 33 years; hisNov 2011 – Saleh steps down after 33 years; his
relatives and associates continue to hold powerrelatives and associates continue to hold power
 Feb 2012 – Saleh transfers powers to former viceFeb 2012 – Saleh transfers powers to former vice
presidentpresident
159159

160. SyriaSyria
 Muslim Brotherhood in Syria founded in the late 1930s.
After the 1963 coup brought the Ba'ath Party to power, it
was banned and became a resistance movement against
Alawite Assad regime. Armed struggle climaxed in the
Hama uprising of 1982 - thousands killed by the military,
and membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a
capital offence
 March 2011 – protests erupt; the government of Bashar
Assad immediately responds with troops
 Feb 2012 – government attacks rebels in Homs
 July 2012 – government massacres 225 in Tremseh; rebel
bomb kills many of Assad’s top advisors; 200,000 refugees
have fled Syria
 Increasingly Al Qaeda, Islamists, and Salafists from
across the Muslim world have swelled the ranks of rebel
forces and call for sharia law and an Islamic republic to
replace Assad 160160

162. MaliMali
 Mar 2012 military junior officers launch a coup inMar 2012 military junior officers launch a coup in
protest to the government response to the rebel groupprotest to the government response to the rebel group
National Movement for the Liberation of AzawadNational Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
(MNLA)(MNLA)
 Al Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb (AQIM), active sinceAl Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb (AQIM), active since
2007 in Mali, allied with MNLA then drove them out of2007 in Mali, allied with MNLA then drove them out of
northern Malinorthern Mali
 AQIM, Ansar Dine, and Mauritanian offshoot of AQIMAQIM, Ansar Dine, and Mauritanian offshoot of AQIM
called MUJAO (Movement for Unity and Jihad in Westcalled MUJAO (Movement for Unity and Jihad in West
Africa), have imposed strict sharia law includingAfrica), have imposed strict sharia law including
stonings, amputations, and floggings; kidnapped andstonings, amputations, and floggings; kidnapped and
sometimes executed aid workers, businessmen, andsometimes executed aid workers, businessmen, and
tourists; recruited and armed children as young as 12tourists; recruited and armed children as young as 12

163. Manhattan, Feb. 2006Manhattan, Feb. 2006

164. London, Feb. 2006London, Feb. 2006

165. Sharia Law Is Coming To EuropeSharia Law Is Coming To Europe
 PolygamyPolygamy
 StoningsStonings
 Persecution of JewsPersecution of Jews
 RapesRapes
 Banning of national flagsBanning of national flags
 No more piggy banks or baconNo more piggy banks or bacon
 No more custard conesNo more custard cones
 Cannot fly British flag in prisonsCannot fly British flag in prisons

166. London, Feb. 2006London, Feb. 2006

167. NorwayNorway
 2006- Offensive statements about religion2006- Offensive statements about religion
became punishable by fine andbecame punishable by fine and
imprisonmentimprisonment
 The accused is guilty until proven innocentThe accused is guilty until proven innocent
 Oslo police afraid to crack down onOslo police afraid to crack down on
Islamist gangsIslamist gangs
 Finn Graff, cartoonist, depicts Jews asFinn Graff, cartoonist, depicts Jews as
Nazis….afraid of IslamistsNazis….afraid of Islamists

168. EnglandEngland
 Codie Scott, 14 y.o. arrested forCodie Scott, 14 y.o. arrested for
complaining that her fellow Pakistanicomplaining that her fellow Pakistani
students could not communicatestudents could not communicate
 40% of Muslims want Sharia law40% of Muslims want Sharia law
 70% refuse to condemn suicide bombers70% refuse to condemn suicide bombers
 Ruth Kelly, GB communities secretary,Ruth Kelly, GB communities secretary,
considers Sharia law in Muslimconsiders Sharia law in Muslim
communitiescommunities

169. Pakistan, Feb. 2006Pakistan, Feb. 2006

170. Three choices for non-MuslimsThree choices for non-Muslims
From the Barbary pirates to Osama-----From the Barbary pirates to Osama-----
 Conversion to IslamConversion to Islam
 Submission or slaverySubmission or slavery
 DeathDeath

171. Honor killing- deeply rooted inHonor killing- deeply rooted in
Islamic cultureIslamic culture
 Victim of rape isVictim of rape is
killed…women’s faultkilled…women’s fault
for beingfor being
raped….thus, coverraped….thus, cover
 Jordan, article 340 ofJordan, article 340 of
the criminal codethe criminal code
does not penalizedoes not penalize
murder of womenmurder of women

173. Questions?Questions?