Information systems

UNIT I
Information Systems
By Dr. Dhobale J V
Associate Professor
School of Engineering & Technology
RNB Global University, Bikaner
RNB Global University, Bikaner. 1Course Code - 11010700

Objectives
 Introduction to IS.
 Definition IS.
 Purpose of IS.
 Objectives and Role of MIS at Managerial
Level.
 MIS in the Organization.
 TPs, DSs, EIs, Expert Systems
2RNB Global University, Bikaner.Course Code - 11010700

Introduction
3RNB Global University, Bikaner.
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Course Code - 11010700

Cont…
 Information can be defined as meaningfully
interpreted data.
 So, from a system analyst's point of view,
information is a sequence of symbols that can
be construed to a useful message.

Cont…
 An Information System is a system that
gathers data and disseminates information
with the sole purpose of providing information
to its users.
 An information system is a set of interrelated
components that collect, manipulate, store
data and disseminate information and provide
a feedback mechanism to monitor
performance.

Cont…
 Information System is an organized
combination of people, hardware, software,
communications networks, and data resources
that collects data, transforms it, and
disseminates information.
 The main object of an information system is to
provide information to its users. Information
systems vary according to the type of users
who use the system.

Cont…
 A Management Information System (MIS) is
an information system that evaluates,
analyzes, and processes an organization's
data to produce meaningful and useful
information based on which the management
can take right decisions to ensure future
growth of the organization.

Data Vs Information
 Data: Raw unorganized facts.
Ex. ?, a, 2, y, =, /.
Information:
A collection of facts organized in such a
way that they have additional value
beyond the value of the facts themselves.
Ex. A+y/2 = ?

Information
 Information can be recorded as signs, or
transmitted as signals. Information is any kind
of event that affects the state of a dynamic
system that can interpret the information.
 The value of Information is directly linked to
how it helps decision makers achieve their
organization’s goals.

Information
 Conceptually, information is the message
(utterance or expression) being conveyed.
Therefore, in a general sense, information is
"Knowledge communicated or received,
concerning a particular fact or circumstance".
 According to Davis and Olson: "Information is
a data that has been processed into a form
that is meaningful to recipient and is of real or
perceived value in the current or the
prospective action or decision of recipient."

Information
11RNB Global University, Bikaner.
DATA Processing Information
Course Code - 11010700

Information, Knowledge and
Business Intelligence
 Professor Ray R. Larson of the School of
Information at the University of California,
Berkeley, provides an Information Hierarchy,
which is:
 Data - The raw material of information.
 Information - Data organized and presented by
someone.
 Knowledge - Information read, heard, or seen,
and understood.
 Wisdom - Distilled and integrated knowledge
and understanding..

Information, Knowledge and
Business Intelligence
 Scott Andrews' explains Information
Continuum as follows:
 Data - A Fact or a piece of information, or a
series thereof.
 Information - Knowledge discerned from data.
 Business Intelligence - Information
Management pertaining to an organization's
policy or decision-making, particularly when
tied to strategic or operational objectives.

Information System Framework

Organizational Information Systems

Functions of Information Systems

Components of Information System

Components of Information System
1. Resources of People
2. Hardware
3. Software
4. Data
5. Networks

Role of MIS
1. Satisfied diverse need of organization
2. Helps in Decision Making.
3. Helps in Coordination.
4. Helps in finding out problems.
5. Helps in Business performance Improvement.

Role of MIS

Strategic Role
1. Operational Excellence.
2. New Product, Services and Business Models.
3. Customer & Supplier Intimacy.
4. Improved decision making.
5. Competitive Advantage.
6. Survival.

Managerial Challenges of IT
1. Enhancing and Protecting business values:
Aligning and integrating business values with
IT is challenge.
2. Cloud Computing - Managing and ownership
issues related to data management (business
or vendor).
3. Cyber security: Developing new strategies
against cybercrime remains an ongoing
challenge for IT professionals. 23RNB Global University, Bikaner.Course Code - 11010700

4. Remote Management / Mobile platform :
Conventional offices seem less relevant
when digital technologies, such as email,
instant messaging and video conferencing,
enable employees to work remotely. It is big
challenge to maintain remote network
functioning to the managers.
5. Talent Retention : Demand for specialized
areas like cyber security sparks fierce bidding
wars that favour the largest firms. It remains
challenge to retain talent. 24RNB Global University, Bikaner.Course Code - 11010700

6. Big data Analytics: Data is projected to grow
by 800 percent in the next five years. The big
challenge is that more than 80 percent of it
unstructured.
7. BYOD/BYOA: Bring your own device or
application is increasing productivity but is
challenge to segregate personal and
professional aspects.

8. Energy Efficiency: According to most
estimates, a 25,000 square foot data center
will use about $4 million in energy this
year. At that rate, a savings of just a few
percent can make a big difference to an IT
budget.
 Big giants like Google, Apple & Microsoft are
investing in renewable energy resources -
http://fortune.com/2015/12/03/google-
renewable-energy/


Impact of MIS
 Handling of Management functions
becomes more efficient.
 Tracking and Monitoring becomes
easier.
 Early alerts about problems.
 Exceptional situations can be brought
into the notice of concerned authorities.

Impact of MIS
 Gets a structured and knowledge
infrastructure in the organization.
 Decision making becomes faster and
easier.
 Brings clarity in the communication.
 It pulls entire organizations towards
goal attainments.

Importance of MIS
 Reliable.
 Timely availability of information.
 Supports globalization.
 Supports Analysis and Decision
Making.
 Supports Organizational structure and
effective and efficient management of
organizations functions.

Trends in IS
 some of the new trends in management
information systems include increased
focus on areas such as data mining,
cloud computing, networking and digital
preservation.
 Focus is on improving the performance
& productivity of business operations.
 Before 2000 Information Systems were
playing supporting role in the business,
now playing important role in day to day
operations. 30RNB Global University, Bikaner.Course Code - 11010700

Trends in IS
 A key emerging trend is the emphasis
of cloud computing, It allows more
centralized approach with cut down in
storage infrastructure requirements and
easy maintenance.
 Mobile computing is also a key trend
enhances communication beyond
workplace with employees and
customers.

Trends in IS
 The biggest trend is the increased
reliance on analytics.
 Companies turn to data analytic
solutions to better access their overall
performance.
 Managers are also able to plan better
strategies based on the records of
existing market trends.

Operations Support System (OSS)
 An operations support system (OSS) is
a software component that enables a
service provider to monitor, control,
analyze, and manage the services on
its network.
 These types of software applications,
along with a business support system
(BSS), support most customer-facing
activities, including ordering, billing, and
support.

 The development and implementation
of OSS systems often involves
information technology (IT) expertise.
 The OSS is important for delivering
many business functions.
 OSS & BSS, two systems are often
tightly linked and sometimes referred to
together as OSS/BSS.
 An OSS can transmit order, fault, and
service assurance information to the
BSS.

Classification of Information

Classification of Information by
Characteristics
 Based on Anthony's classification of
Management, information used in business for
decision-making is generally categorized into
three types:
 Strategic Information: Strategic information is
concerned with long term policy decisions .
Ex. acquiring a new plant, a new product,
diversification of business etc., comes under
strategic information.

Characteristics
 Tactical Information: Tactical information is
concerned with the information needed for
exercising control over business resources.
Ex budgeting, quality control, service level,
inventory level, productivity level etc.

Characteristics
 Operational Information: Operational
information is concerned with plant/business
level information and is used to ensure proper
conduction of specific operational tasks as
planned/intended. Various operator specific,
machine specific and shift specific jobs for
quality control checks comes under this
category.

Application
 Planning Information: These are the
information needed for establishing standard
norms and specifications in an organization.
 This information is used in strategic, tactical,
and operation planning of any activity.
Examples of such information are time
standards, design standards.

Application
 Control Information: This information is
needed for establishing control over all
business activities through feedback
mechanism.
 This information is used for controlling
attainment, nature and utilization of important
processes in a system.
 When such information reflects a deviation
from the established standards, the system
should induce a decision or an action leading
to control.

Application
 Knowledge Information: Knowledge is defined
as "information about information".
 Knowledge information is acquired through
experience and learning, and collected from
archival data and research studies.

Application
 Organizational Information: Organizational
information deals with an organization's
environment, culture in the light of its
objectives.
 Karl Weick's Organizational Information
Theory emphasizes that an organization
reduces its equivocality or uncertainty by
collecting, managing and using these
information prudently.
 This information is used by everybody in the
organization; examples of such information are
employee and payroll information. 44RNB Global University, Bikaner.Course Code - 11010700

Application
 Functional/Operational Information: This is
operation specific information.
 Ex daily schedules in a manufacturing plant
that refers to the detailed assignment of jobs
to machines or machines to operators.
 This information is mostly internal to the
organization.

Application
 Database Information: Database information
construes large quantities of information that
has multiple usage and application.
 Such information is stored, retrieved and
managed to create databases.
Ex. material specification or supplier
information is stored for multiple users.

Reviews
 Introduction to IS.
 Definition IS.
 Purpose of IS.
 Objectives and Role of MIS at Managerial
Level.
 MIS in the Organization.
 TPs, DSs, EIs, Expert Systems .

Thank You!
RNB Global University, Bikaner. 48Course Code - 11010700

Information systems

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