Data set module 1

This programme has been funded with
support from the European Commission
Module 1:
Introduction
to Big Data

DATA SET SKILLS FOR BUSINESS
Module 1:
Introduction
to
Big Data
The objective of this module is to provide an overview of the
basic information on big data.
Upon completion of this module you will:
-Comprehend the emerging role of big data
-Understand the key terms regarding big and smart data
-Know how big data can be turned into smart data
-Be able to apply the key terms regarding big data
Duration of the module: approximately 1 – 2 hours

2) The V‘s of data
4) Case study3) How does big
data become
smart data?
• What is Big Data?
• Sources of Data
• The Importance of
Big Data
1) The emerging role of
data in VET and
enterprise
• Turning Big Data into Value
• Smart Data Applications
• How to Start Smart?
• Big Data Challenges
• How American
Golf used the
Power of Big
Data
• Volume
• Velocity
• Variety
• Veracity
• Value

THE EMERGING ROLE OF DATA IN
VET AND ENTERPRISE
1. What is Big Data?
2. Classification of Data
3. Sources of Data
4. The Importance of Big Data

“Big Data is the foundation of all of
the megatrends that are happening
today, from social to mobile to the
cloud to gaming.”
Chris Lynch

WHAT IS BIG DATA?
There are some things that are so big, that they have implications for
everyone, whether we want it or not.
Big data is one of those things, and it is completely transforming the way
we do business and is impacting most other parts of our lives.
The basic idea behind the phrase “Big Data” is that everything we do is
increasingly leaving a digital trace, which we can use and analyse.
Big Data therefore refers to our ability to make use of the everincreasing
volumes of data.
“Data of a very large
size, typically to the
extent that its
manipulation and
management
present significant
logistical
challenges.“
Oxford English Dictionary,
2013

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
“Data” is defined as ‘the quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are
performed by a computer, which may be stored and transmitted in the form of
electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media’,
as a quick google search would show.
“Big Data” refers to copious amounts of data which are:
-too large to be processed
-too copious to be analyzed by traditional tools
-not stored or managed efficiently.
However, there is also huge potential in the analysis of Big Data.
Proper management and study of data can help companies make better decisions
based on usage statistics and user interests, thereby helping their growth. Some
companies have even come up with new products and services, based on feedback
received from Big Data analysis opportunities.

STRUCTURED
DATA
UNSTRUCTURED
DATA
SEMI-
STRUCTURED
DATA
1 2 3
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Classification is essential for the study of any subject. So Big
Data is widely classified into three main types, which are:

STRUCTURED
DATA
1
Structured Data is used to refer to the data which is
already stored in databases, in an ordered manner. It
accounts for about 20% of the total existing data.
There are two sources of structured data- machines and
humans.
All the data received from sensors, web logs and financial
systems are classified under machine-generated data.
These include medical devices, GPS data, data of usage
statistics captured by servers and applications and the
huge amount of data that usually move through trading
platforms, to name a few.
Human-generated structured data mainly includes all the
data a human input into a computer, such as his name
and other personal details. When a person clicks a link on
the internet, or even makes a move in a game, data is
created.

STRUCTURED
DATA
Employee_ID Employee_Name Gender Department Salary_In_Euros
2365 Rajesh Kulkarni Male Finance 65000
3398 Pratibha Joshi Female Admin 65000
7465 Shushil Roy Male Admin 50000
7500 Shubhojit Das Male Finance 50000
7699 Priya Sane Female Finance 55000
An 'Employee' table in a database is
an example of Structured Data.
Example of Structured
Data
1

UNSTRUCTURED
DATA
2
Unstructured data is the opposite of
structured data- they have no clear format in
storage.
About 80% of the total data accounted for is
unstructured big data. Most of the data a person
encounters belongs to this category- and until
recently, there was not much to do to it except
storing it or analyzing it manually.
Unstructured data is also classified based on its
source, into machine-generated or human-
generated. Machine-generated data accounts
for all the satellite images, the scientific data
from various experiments and radar data
captured by various facets of technology.

UNSTRUCTURED
DATA
2 Human-generated unstructured data is found in abundance
across the internet, since it includes social media data, mobile
data and website content. This means that the pictures we upload
to out Facebook or Instagram handles, the videos we watch on
YouTube and even the text messages we send all contribute to the
gigantic heap that is unstructured data.
Example of Unstructured
Data
Output returned by 'Google
Search.’

SEMI-
STRUCTURED
DATA
3
Semi-structured data appears to be
unstructured at a glance so can be
difficult to analyze.
Information that is not in the traditional
database format as structured data, but contain
some organizational properties which make it
easier to process, are included in semi-structured
data.
For example, NoSQL documents are
considered to be semi-structured,
since they contain keywords that can
be used to process the document
easily

SEMI-
STRUCTURED
DATA
An email message is one example of semi-structured data. It
includes well-defined data fields in the header such as sender
etc., while the actual body of the message is unstructured.
If you wanted to find out who is emailing whom and when
(information contained in the header), a relational database
might be a good choice. But if you’re more interested in the
message content, big data tools, such as natural language
processing, will be a better ft.
Example of Semi-
structured Data:
Personal data stored in a XML
file.
3

Social media data is providing remarkable insights to companies on
consumer behavior and sentiment that can be integrated with CRM
data for analysis, with 230 million tweets posted on Twitter per day, 2.7
billion Likes and comments added to Facebook every day, and 60 hours
of video uploaded to YouTube every minute (this is what we mean by
velocity of data).
Machine data consists of information generated from industrial
equipment, real-time data from sensors that track parts and monitor
machinery (often also called the Internet of Things), and even web logs
that track user behavior online. At arcplan client CERN, the largest
particle physics research center in the world, the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) generates 40 terabytes of data every second during experiments.
Regarding Transactional data, large retailers and even B2B companies
can generate multitudes of data on a regular basis considering that their
transactions consist of one or many items, product IDs, prices, payment
information, manufacturer and distributor data, and much more.
Source
of
Data

WhatsApp users
share
347,222
photos.
EVERY
MINUTE OF
EVERY DAY
E-mail users send
204,000,000
messages
YouTube users
upload
4,320
minutes of new
videos.
Google recieves over
4,000,000
search queries.Facebook users
share
2,460,000
pieces of content.
Twitter users tweet
277,000
times.
Amazon makes
83,000$
in online sales.
Instagram users
post
216,000
new photos.
Social Media Data Examples

Machine Data
Machine data is everywhere. It is created by everything from planes and elevators to
traffic lights and fitness-monitoring devices.
More recently, machine data has gained further attention as use of the Internet of
Things, Hadoop and other big data management technologies has grown.
Application, server and business process logs, call detail records and sensor data are
prime examples of machine data. Internet clickstream data and website activity logs also
factor into discussions of machine data.
Combining machine data with other enterprise data types for analysis is expected to
provide new views and insight on business activities and operations. Machine-generated
data is the lifeblood of the Internet of Things (IoT).

Simply put, IoT is the concept of basically
connecting any device with an on and off
switch to the Internet (and/or to each
other). This includes everything from
cellphones, coffee makers, washing
machines, headphones, lamps, wearable
devices and almost anything else you can
think of. This also applies to components
of machines, for example a jet engine of
an airplane or the drill of an oil rig.
Machine Data
Internet of Things (IoT )

Transactional Data
Transactional data are information directly derived as a result of
transactions. Unlike other sorts of data, transactional data contains a
time dimension which means that there is timeliness to it and over time,
it becomes less relevant.
Rather than being the object of transactions like the product being
purchased or the identity of the customer, it is more of a reference data
describing the time, place, prices, payment methods, discount values,
and quantities related to that particular transaction, usually at the point
of sale.

Transactional Data
Purchases Returns Invoices Payments Credits
Donations Trades Dividends Contracts Interest
Payroll Lending Reservations Signups Subscriptions
Examples of transactional data:

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIG DATA
The importance of big data
does not revolve around how
much data a company has but
how a company utilizes the
collected data.
Every company uses data in its
own way; the more efficiently
a company uses its data, the
more potential it has to grow.
The company can take data
from any source and analyze it
to find answers which will
enable:

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIG DATA
• Some tools of Big Data can bring cost advantages to business when large
amounts of data are to be stored and these tools also help in identifying
more efficient ways of doing business.
Cost Savings
• The high speed of tools and in-memory analytics can easily identify new
sources of data which helps businesses analyzing data immediately and
make quick decisions based on the learnings.
Time Reductions
• By knowing the trends of customer needs and satisfaction through
analytics you can create products according to the wants of customers.
New Product Development
• By analyzing big data you can get a better understanding of current
market conditions. For example, by analyzing customers’ purchasing
behaviors, a company can find out the products that are sold the most
and produce products according to this trend.
Understanding the Market Conditions
• Big data tools can do sentiment analysis. Therefore, you can get
feedback about who is saying what about your company. If you want to
monitor and improve the online presence of your business, then, big
data tools can help in all this.
Control Online Reputation

Why not take a BREAK and
WATCH Video 1 in the Resource
section:
What is Big Data and why does it matter?
-Donna Green (Ted X Talk)

THE
5 V‘s
OF
DATA

THE 5 V‘s OF DATA
Volume
Velocity
Variety
Veracity
Value
90% of the data in the
world today has been
created in the last 2 years
alone.
Literally the speed of light!
Data doubles every 40
months.
Structured, semi-
structured and
unstructured data.
Because of the anonimity of
the Internet or possibly false
identities, the reliability of data
is often in question.
Having access to big data
is no good unless we can
turn it into value.
The magnitude
of the data
being generated.
The speed at
which data is being
generated and
aggregated.
The different types
of data.
The trustworthiness
of the data in terms
of accuracy in quality.
The economic
value of the data.
Big Data does a pretty good job of telling us what happened, but not why it happened or
what to do about it. The 5 V‘s represent specific characteristics and properties that can
help us understand both the challenges and advantages of big data initiatives.

AGE FRIENDLY ECONOMY | FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMES
VOLUME
Volume refers to the vast amounts of data generated every
second.
Just think of all the emails, twitter messages, photos, video
clips, sensor data etc. we produce and share every second.
On Facebook alone we send 10 billion messages per
day, click the "like' button 4.5 billion times and upload
350 million new pictures each and every day.
This increasingly makes data sets too large to store and
analyse using traditional database technology. With big
data technology we can now store and use these data sets
with the help of distributed systems, where parts of the
data is stored in different locations and brought together
by software.

VELOCITY
Velocity refers to the speed at which new data is generated
and the speed at which data moves around.
Just think of social media messages going viral in
seconds, the speed at which credit card transactions
are checked for fraudulent activities, or the
milliseconds it takes trading systems to analyse social
media networks to pick up signals that trigger
decisions to buy or sell shares.
Big data technology allows us now to analyse the data
while it is being generated, without ever putting it into
databases.

VARIETY
Variety refers to the different types of data we can now
use. In the past we focused on structured data that neatly
fits into tables or relational databases.
Think of photos, video sequences or social media
updates.
With big data technology we can now harness differed
types of data including messages, social media
conversations, photos, sensor data, video or voice
recordings and bring them together with more traditional,
structured data.

VERACITY
Veracity refers to the trustworthiness of the data.
With many forms of big data, quality and accuracy are less
controllable.
Just think of Twitter posts with hash tags,
abbreviations, typos and colloquial speech as well as
the reliability and accuracy of content.
Big data and analytics technology now allows us to work
with these type of data. The volumes often make up for
the lack of quality or accuracy.

VALUE
Value: It is all well and good having access to
big data but unless we can turn it into value it
is useless. So you can safely argue that 'value'
is the most important V of Big Data. It is
important that businesses make a business
case for any attempt to collect and leverage
big data. It is so easy to fall into the buzz trap
and embark on big data initiatives without a
clear understanding of costs and benefits.
Big data can deliver value in almost any area of business or
society:
 It helps companies to better understand and serve customers:
Examples include the recommendations made by Amazon or
Netflix.
 It allows companies to optimize their processes: Uber is able to
predict demand, dynamically price journeys and send the closest
driver to the customers.
 It improves our health care: Government agencies can now predict
flu outbreaks and track them in real time and pharmaceutical
companies are able to use big data analytics to fast-track drug
development.
 It helps us to improve security: Government and law enforcement
agencies use big data to foil terrorist attacks and detect cyber crime.
 It allows sport stars to boost their performance: Sensors in balls,
cameras on the pitch and GPS trackers on their clothes allow
athletes to analyze and improve upon what they do.

HOW DOES BIG DATA
BECOME SMART DATA
1. Turning Big Data into Value
2. Smart Data Applications
3. How to Start Smart?
4. Big Data Challenges

SMART DATA APPLICATIONS
Every business in the world
needs data to thrive.
Data is what tells you who your
customers are and how they
operate, and it’s what can
guide you to new insights and
new innovations but first
it is neccessary to find the right
area of interest first.

SMART DATA APPLICATIONS
• Fraud
detection/Preventi
on
• Brand sentiment
analysis
• Real time pricing
• Product
placement
• Micro-targeted
advertising
• Monitor patient
visits
• Patient care and
safety
• Reduce
readmittance rates
• Smart meter-stream
analysis
• Proactive equipment
repair
• Power and
consuption matching
• Cell tower
diagnostics
• Bandwidth
allocation
• Proactive
maintenance
• Decreasing time
to market
• Supply planning
• Increasing product
quality
• Network intrusion
detection and
prevention
• Disease outbreak
detection
• Unsafe driving
detection and
monitoring
• Route and time
planning for
public transport
FINANCIAL SERVICES RETAIL TELECOM MANUFACTURING
HEALTHCARE UTILITIES, OIL & GAS PUBLIC SECTOR TRANSPORTATION

HOW TO START SMART?
Even though data analysis and visualization tools have come a long way in
the past decade, big data analysis still relies on human intervention and
coordination to be successful. You need to know how to ask the right
questions, how to eliminate your own bias, and how to form actionable
insights rather than basic conclusions.
1. Review your
data.
•What data do you
have?
•How is it used?
•Do you have the
expertise to
manage your data?
2. Ask the right
questions.
• What data do
you have and
how is it used?
• Are you being
specific
enough?
3. Draw the
conclusions.
•Could an expert
help to sense-
check your results?
•Can you validate
your hypotheses?
•What further data
do you need?

BIG DATA CHALLENGES
LACK OF TALENT
To successfully implement
a big data project requires
a sophisticated team of
developers, data scientists
and analysts who also have
a sufficient amount of
domain knowledge to
identify valuable insights.
It‘s easy to get caught up in the hype and opportunity of big data. However, one of
the reasons big data is so underutilized is because big data and big data
technologies also present many challenges.
One survey found that 55% of big data projects are never completed. So what‘s
the problem with big data?
SCALABILITY
Many organizations fail
to take into account
how quickly a big data
project can grow and
evolve. Big data
workloads also tend to
be bursty, making it
difficult to allocate
capacity for resources.
ACTIONABLE
INSIGHTS
A key challenge for
data science teams is
to identify a clear
business objective and
the appropriate data
sources to collect and
analyze to meet that
objective.
DATA
QUALITY
Common causes of
dirty data include:
user imput errors,
duplicate data and
incorrect data
linking.
SECURITY
Specific challenges include:
- User authentication for every
team and team member
accessing the data
- Restricting access based on a
user‘s need
- Recording data access
histories and meeting other
comliance regulations
- proper use of encryprion on
data in-transit and at rest
COST
MANAGEMENT
Businesses pursuing big
data projects must
remember the cost of
training, maintenance
and expansion

Why not take a BREAK and READ
Article 1 in the Resources section:
The emerging role of Big Data in key
development issues: Opportunities,
challenges, and concerns
-Nir Kshetr

CASE STUDY:
How AG used the Power of Big Data
THE BACKGROUND
Every time you go shopping, you share intimate details
about your consumption patterns with retailers. And many
of those retailers are studying those details to figure out
what you like, what you need, and which coupons are
most likely to make you happy. AG – Europe’s largest golf
retailer, for example, has figured out how to data-mine its
way into imminent retirees wallets, before they actually
retire.

CASE STUDY:
THE SOURCE OF AG’s BIG DATA
AG assigns every customer a Guest ID number, tied to their
credit card, name, or email address that becomes a bucket
that stores a history of everything they've bought and any
demographic information AG has collected from them or
bought from other sources. Using that, their analyst looked
at historical buying data for all the men who had signed up
their registries in the past.

CASE STUDY:
THE BIG BIG DATA CONCLUSION
Analyst ran test after test, analyzing the data, and before
long some useful patterns emerged. Gloves, for example.
Lots of men buy golf gloves, but one Analyst noticed that
men on the golf registry were buying smaller golf
peripheral especially golf gloves in the six months leading
up to their retirement. Another analyst noted that in this
6 month window the frequency of visits to stores
increased.

Finish by READING Article 2 in
the Resources section:
Big Data:
The Management Revolution
by Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson

Thank-You
https://www.data-set.eu/

Data set module 1

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