6. Limbic Structures & Key Functions
1. PAG Coordinated behaviors; Autonomic/Skeletal
2. Hypothalamus/HPAAxis Autonomic/hormonal control
3. Amygdala Simple significance codes/valences; mostly fear
4. Anterior cingulate (ACC) & Insula
Store Emotional/Valenced information
Recode amygdala
5. Midcingulate cortex (MCC)
Predict outcomes & Resolve ambiguity
Select outputs; mental or movement decisions
Devise new behaviors for new problems
6a. Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN) Regulate mood
6b. Locus coeruleus (LC) Coordinate responses to events & Enhance valenced
memories
7. Autonomic Nerv Sys (ANS) Supports skeletomotor output & Enhances CNS
memory of valenced objects/events
7. “REWARD” AND “PUNISHMENT” FUNCTION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
affective
• pleasant or unpleasant
• reward or punishment, or satisfaction or aversion
8. Reward & Punishment
• Major reward centers
• Along the course of the medial
forebrain bundle, especially in
the lateral and ventromedial
nuclei of the hypothalamus.
• Punishment
• Central gray area surrounding
the aqueduct of Sylvius in the
mesencephalon and extending
upward into the periventricular
zones of the hypothalamus and
thalamus
9. Rage when punishment activated
• (1) develop a defense posture,
• (2) extend its claws,
• (3) lift its tail,
• (4) hiss,
• (5) spit,
• (6) growl
• (7) develop piloerection, wide-open eyes, and dilated pupils.
10. Habituation
Form of learning in which an organism decreases or
ceases its responses to a stimulus after repeated or
prolonged presentations.
11. Functions of the Hippocampus
•Learning
•Lesions cause
Anterograde
Amnesia
•Consolidation of
memory
14. Effects of Stimulating the Amygdala.
(1) increases or decreases in arterial pressure,
(2) increases or decreases in heart rate,
(3) increases or decreases in gastrointestinal motility and secretion
(4) defecation or micturition,
(5) pupillary dilation or, rarely, constriction,
(6) pilo-erection, and
(7) secretion of various anterior pituitary hormones, especially the
gonadotropins and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
