Buildings are known to be largest consumers of black and green energy besides consuming and generating large waste. Buildings remain anti-thesis to the nature, environmnet, ecology and resources. Every act of development is an act aginst nature. In order to make this planet earth more sustainable, liveable, having minimum carbon footprints, it will be critical to plan, design and construct buildings which are sistainable and least conumers of non-renewable resources. Building are like human beings, always evolving and devolving. Buildings need to be viewed as living entities, breathing all the times. Looking at the context of human living and global sustainability, buildings have to be viewed , planned, designed and constructed differently and distinctly. Buildings need to be valued and planned and designed in a most professional manner.Buildings hold the key to global and human sustainability.. They need best of professional input to make them promoters of quality living.

1. Decarbonising Planet
Earth --Through
Green Buildings
J.K.GUPTA, Chairman IGBC, Chandigarh Chapter
Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414

2. Buildings- Role and Importance
 Buildings-- integral part of human history, growth and
development since inception
 Buildings -- would continue to define future journey of
human growth
 Buildings-- constitute manmade environment-
 Buildings-- remain vital for human growth
 Buildings – are living organism
 Buildings – cater to all human activities
 Buildings- full of dualities and contradictions
 Buildings -- largest consumers of energy
 Buildings - largest consumers of resources
 Buildings – largest generators of waste
 Buildings- largest polluter of environment /ecology
 Buildings --- responsible for largest carbon footprints
 Buildings -- responsible for global warming
 Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability


3. Buildings- Role and Importance
 Buildings– providers of optimum/worst living conditions
 Buildings -- make people healthy/sick
 Buildings --critical for human living- 80% human life spent
in buildings
 Buildings --critical for Global sustainability and
decarbinisation- 50% energy used by the buildings
 Buildings vital to overcome human/ ecological concerns
 Making Buildings Sustainable-- essential to make value
addition to resources, environment ,ecology
 Studies revealed —
 A Green School-- makes learning easy and more
meaningful
 A Green House--- makes people happy and healthy
 A Green Hospital-- cures patients quickly
 A Green Shopping Mall-- can increase sale / profits

4. Context of
Buildings-
Resources/e
nvironment

5. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF
RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering annual addition of- 700-900msqmts- energy/
environment implications can be critical.
•Buildings need to be designed /constructed / operated with
utmost care for considerations--- energy/ sustainability/resources

6. Changing construction perceptions

7. Designing Built Environment


8. Green Buildings-
definition, cost,

9. Defining- Green Buildings

10. Green Building – The Definition
 A green building is one which
Uses less
Water
Optimizes
Energy
Efficiency
Conserves
natural
resources
Generates
less
waste
Provides
healthier
spaces

11. Advantages of Green Buildings

12. Rediscovery of the Indian
ethos
 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Site Selection and Planning
Jal (Water) Water Conservation
Agni (Fire) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight, Night Sky Pollution
Daylighting
Views
Water Body
Local materials

13. Green Buildings- life cycle
costs
Operating Cost 89%
Maintenance/
Consumables 1%
Initial Cost
10%

14. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements inclusive
,safe, resilient and sustainable

16. Tangible Benefits
 Reduce operating costs
 Optimize life cycle
economic performance
◦ Sustained savings
 Energy savings: up to 50 %
 Water savings: up to 40 %
HPCL-Admin Building, Vizag

17. In-tangible Benefits of Green Design
 Environmental benefits
◦ Reduce impact on environment-- Reduce destruction of
natural areas, habitats, biodiversity
 Health and Safety benefits
◦ Enhance occupant comfort-- Improve Productivity of
occupants
ISRO-NRSC, Shadnagar, Hyderabad

18. Building Year
awarded
Built-in Area
(sq.ft)
Rating
Achieved
%
Increase
in cost
Payback
(Yrs)
CII-Godrej GBC,
Hyderabad
2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years
ITC Green Centre,
Gurgaon
2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years
Wipro,
Gurgaon
2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years
Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years
Spectral Services
Consultants Office, Noida
2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years
Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Cost of Green Buildings-Indian Experience
 Cost showing a decreasing trend over the years
 Incremental Cost lower-- if base design has already factored normal Green features

19. Designing Green
Buildings

20. Sun- Source of Heat and light

23. Tower of Shadow- Chandigarh

24. Designing Traditional Buildings Vs
Green Buildings
1 TB-Involvement of project members --limited to their trade/
specialization
 GB- Project members involved-- right from beginning to
help design/ planning process
2 TB- Project gets more intensive-- as it progresses-Less
time spent in beginning
 GB-Project starts intensively --with more time spent in
beginning
3. TB– Decisions made by few stakeholders individually--
Owner, Architect, Engineers, Contractor
 GB—Decisions made by team
 -- based on research, discussions, brainstorming
sessions

25. Designing Traditional Buildings Vs
Green Buildings
4 TB- Linear process
 GB— Integrated approach
5. TB- Focus to reduce upfront capital cost
 GB- Focus to reduce long term O&M costs– life cycle costs
6. TB— All systems considered in isolation --leading often to
under/over -designing/ sizing
 GB- Building performance assessed based on impact of each system
individually/collectively to create optimum design
7. TB- Project members undertake limited responsibilities
 GB-Members share equal responsibilities /work jointly
8. TB-Linear process ends-- when construction of project completed
 GB- --Design approach emphasizes-- performance of buildings/user’s
satisfaction through post- evaluation surveys /energy audit

26. Designing Green Buildings
1--Adopting integrated approach to building design
2.--Design based on Climate
 Macro Climate – Regional climate; Meso Climate– local climate
 Micro Climate--Site climate -- based on site characteristics,
3.--Orientation -- to optimize natural light and heat gain/heat loss
4-- Sun movement-- to maximizes use of solar energy for heating
/lighting
5.--Wind direction---using movement of air for ventilation/ cooling
6. --Planning of Building-- to optimize the size/shape of building,
planning spaces, allocating uses, placing of rooms, circulation,
promoting building efficiency, promoting natural sunlight, air and
ventilation
7. --Designing Building Envelop--–positioning of openings and
projections, planning for shading devices, determining height/ shape
of building, natural lighting and ventilations etc
8.--Materials- Materials used for buildings- low embodied materials
locally available / in natural form, lightweight – reduce self load
9.--Technology- cost- effective, material efficient, speedier construction,
energy efficient

27. Integrated APPPROACH-
Designing Green Buildings

29. Designing Green
Buildings- Climate, Site

30. INDIAN CLIMATIC ZONES

31. Integrated Design Process
 Five Climatic Zones In India-
 Hot and Dry
 Warm and Humid
 Moderate / Temperate
 Cold (Cloudy/Sunny)
 Composite
 All green buildings cannot be same
All zones have specific requirements regarding:
--light,
--heat,
--ventilation and
--thermal comfort
 Different zones require different design strategies regarding --
building envelop,
 --HVAC,
 -- lighting ,
 -- fenestration,
 -- performance standards

32. Hot and Dry Climate Zone-
Comfort requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings
Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation
Reduce Heat Gain
Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building
Increase thermal resistance Insulation of building envelope/roof/walls
Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) Massive structure
Decrease air exchange rate
(ventilation during the day)
Smaller windows openings, night ventilation
Increase buffer spaces Create Air locks/lobbies/balconies/verandahs
Increase shading Protect External surfaces by- Overhangs, Fins
and Trees
Increase surface reflectivity Use Pale Colour, glazed china mosaic tiles etc.
Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with Lower Solar Heat Gain Co-
efficient-SHGC and provide shading for
windows. Minimize glazing in East and West
Promote Heat Loss
Increase air exchange rate
(ventilation during night-time)
Courtyards/wind tower/arrangement of
openings

35. Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate
Zone- Comfort requirements and
Physical manifestations in Buildings
Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation
Reduce Heat Loss
Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building. Use
of trees as wind barriers.
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation, wall insulation and
double glazing
Increase thermal capacity (Time Lag) Thicker walls
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/Lobbies
Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping and reducing air
leakage.
Increase surface absorption Darker colours
Promote Heat Gain
Reduce shading Wall and glass surfaces
Trapping heat Sun spaces/green houses/trombe walls
etc.

37. Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate
Zone- Comfort requirements and
Physical manifestations in Buildings

38. Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate Zone

39. TROMBE WALL

40. Site Analysis
Site Planning

41. Site Analysis- Factors considered
i) Understanding Site
ii) Location
iii) Orientation
iv) Wind direction
v) Soil conditions
vi) Topography
vii)Vegetation &Natural
Features
viii) Hydrology and
Precipitation
ix) Infrastructures
x) Surrounding Land uses
& Buildings
xi) Vision / Visual Linkages

42. MANAGING SITE- MIN. CUTTING &FILLING

43. Planning for spaces in buildings

44. Impact of Buildings- minimizing
Building Footprints

45. •CONTEXT
OF GREEN ROOFS
IN REDUCING
CARBON FOOTPRINTS

47. Minimising Heat Gain/Heat Loss

48. Defining Green Roof
 Green roof—
 Roof typology used as an option
 -- for promoting sustainability in buildings
 Green roof defined as a-
 -- space on the roof
 --comprising of collection of greenery,
 -- planted on top of a man-made structure.
 --used as a solution to manage the temperature within buildings /
 -- bringing nature into cities,
 Green roof or living roof
 - Roof of a building
 - that is partially / completely covered
 -- with vegetation and a growing medium,
 -- planted over a waterproofing membrane.
 -- may also include additional layers
 -- a root barrier and drainage / irrigation systems-

49. Benefits of Green Roofs in cities
• Green roofs provide—
• -- physical, social, economic,
environmental benefits
• – for building environment, people,
communities, city, climate, human livability,
in terms of ;
• reducing carbon-footprints;
• Decreasing storm water Run off
• Reducing air pollution
• Increasing oxygen production;
• Improving air quality-- purifying air
• encouraging biodiversity,
• minimizing greenhouse gas emissions,
• removing air particulates;
• improving property value / marketability;
• promoting economy,
• generating employment.

51. Low Impact Design

52. Godrej IGBC Building- Hyderabad

54. Cost effective strategy for energy efficiency
Reduce energy
demand by
passive measures
Reduce energy
demand by active
measures
Integration of
renewable energy
Least
cost
impact
Some
cost
impact
Highest
cost
impact
• Climate responsive
architectural design
• Efficient building envelope
• Daylight harvesting
• Integration of natural sources
for cooling & heating in
building design.
Offset energy demand from the
grid by installing on-site
renewable energy
• Energy efficient equipment
• Lights
• Fans
• Air- conditioners
• Efficient building Operation &
Maintenance through BMS (Building
Management System) & Smart
Metering

55. Energy Efficiency
 Energy efficiency achieved through ;
 Adopting Passive design strategies --
through building shape , orientation, passive
solar design, use of natural lighting.
 Planning and Designing Spaces-
differentiating habitation/non-habitation,
cool roof
 Using natural light- positively impact on
productivity /well being.
 Installing high-efficiency lighting systems--
with advanced lighting controls-- motion
sensors / dimmable lighting controls.
 Using properly sized / energy-efficient
heat/cooling system in a thermally efficient
building shell.

56. Energy Efficiency
 Maximize light/ dark colours for roofing /
wall finish materials in hot/cold regions;
 -- install high R-value wall/ ceiling
insulation;
 -- using minimal glass on east/ west
exposures.
 -- Minimizing electric loads from lighting,
equipment, appliances.
 --Involving alternative energy sources --
photovoltaic /fuel cells
 Computer modelling -- for optimizing
design of electrical and mechanical
systems and building shell.

58. Sun pipe- Day Light Harvesting
Sun Pipes used to lit
basement,
Viswa Syamalam, IGBC Platinum

61. Water Efficiency- 4Rs- Refuse, Reduce, Recycle,
Reuse
 Adopt Strategies for - Slow the flow/ breaking water
/water conservation/RW Harvesting/Ground water
charging/ multiple use of water
 Design for dual plumbing-- using recycled water for
toilet flushing / gray water system that recovers
rainwater or other non-potable water for site irrigation.
 Minimize wastewater-- use ultra low-flush toilets, low-
flow shower heads/ water conserving fixtures.
 Use Re-circulating systems for centralized hot water
distribution.
 Installing point-of-use hot water heating systems-- for
more distant locations.
 Metering water use – both for domestic/ landscape
separately
 -- Promote micro-irrigation /sprinklers / high-pressure
sprayer-- to supply water in non-turf areas.
 Involving communities --Through education /incentives
 Promoting Green Buildings as a Brand

63. Water Efficient Fixtures
Jal
8 LPM
2/4 LPM
46% Water Savings Over
Baseline
6/3
LPF
5 LPM

67. Green Materials
 Materials --for green building are ;
 --obtained from natural, renewable sources
 --managed / harvested in a sustainable way;
 -- obtained locally-- to reduce embedded
energy costs of transportation; or
 -- salvaged from reclaimed materials at
nearby sites.
 -- Materials assessed using green
specifications
 -- looking at Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
 --- embodied energy, durability, recycled
contents , waste minimisation, and
 ---their ability to be reused or recycled.

68. Green Material - Fly Ash Bricks

69. Green Material- Fly Ash Bricks-
 Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime-
Gypsum bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy
of masonry.
 Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses unfired
Fly Ash technology – limited CO2 emissions in
manufacturing process
 Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings using
fly ash bricks -- cool in summers and warm in
winters.
 High Fire Resistance: -- as these bricks composed of
fly ash as its major constituents, which is un-burnt
residue of the coal fired in a thermal power plant.
 • No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and
other sulphate attack, ensuring no efflorescence in
structure.

70. Green Material- Autoclaved Aerated
Concrete

71. Green Material--UPVC( Unplastisized
Polyvinyl chloride) doors and Windows
The Vinyl windows
--Excellent insulators :
--Reduced heating /cooling
loads
- Prevent thermal loss
through frame / sash material .
-- Not impacted by;
weather/
-air pollution / salt,
-- acid rain
--- industrial pollution
--- pesticides
---smog,
--- discoloration and
- structural damage .
-User friendly
- Eco- Friendly ,
-- Readily accepted

72. Bamboo- Advantages
 Bamboo-- Higher Compressive
 Bamboo -- High Tensile Strength
 Earthquake Resistance –
 Lightweight -.
 Cost-effective
 Durable -
 Fast Growing
 Simple designing-
 Reducing use of wood
 Eco- friendly
 Promoting Employment
 Promoting Welfare of society/poor-
 Reduced Global warming-

73. Rise of Prefabricated Building
 Prefab building - last real estate cycle/pushed such construction to
prominence
 During second world war, --majority of skilled construction
manpower/ labourers left job,-- due to recession in construction
industry.
 lead to shortage of manpower-
 when large scale construction started after world war-led to a boom
in high rise apartments blocks
 -- to replace buildings which suffered extensive damage during war
 --contractors turned to prefabricated system to meet demand. which
were;
 -safe, efficient, cost-effective/ quality construction minimum
manpower.
 -- off-site construction considered best option— -to build projects in
limited time-to provide workers with safer working conditions
 -- Search led to the emergence of prefabricated/ modular construction.
 Acute shortage of housing following second world war
 ----Modular is a process of construction rather than a specific type of
building, ------- which defines how building is constructe
 --Japan / Europe had massive rebuilding needs-- turned to
prefabrication /off-site construction

74. Pre- fabrication/Modular
Construction/off-site-
Advantages
 Building in Hazardous Area
 Assured Quality Construction
 Material Efficiency
 Cost- Efficiency
 Green Construction
 Flexibility
 Reduced Site Disruption
 Time Efficiency
 Safety

75. Rise of Prefabricated Building
 - Crystal Palace - Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851- earliest
example of prefabrication/modularization.----design taking less than
two weeks
 construction in few months– using prefab light/cheap materials
iron, wood and glass,
 After exhibition-- palace taken apart and moved to other location.
 - USA used Quonset huts, pre-fabricated lightweight all purpose
buildings, for creating accommodation for military globally during the
war, which could be shipped anywhere and assembled without skilled
labour.
 U.S.A -- in commercial buildings hotels/ offices/ hospitals/schools
post ‘70s when demand exceeded supply
 500-room deluxe Hilton Hotel in San Antonio for Texas
World’s Exposition of 1968-- designed, completed and occupied in
just 202 working days. All rooms were placed by crane in 46
days.
 -- Still in use, hotel is believed to be tallest modularly constructed
facility in United States.
 New cruise liner Queen Mary 2--, one of largest/ most expensive
cruise liners in world-- also used modular passenger cabins / VIP

76. Crystal Palace
London

77. Quonset huts, pre-fabricated
lightweight

78. 500-room deluxe Hilton Hotel in San
Antonio for Texas

79. Cruise liner Queen Mary
2

82. Indoor Air Quality
Good Indoor air quality --essential for work places
-- to foster better health
Good Indoor environmental quality–
-- reduces respiratory disease, allergy,
asthma, eliminates sick building syndrome
-- enhance worker performance.
• When people themselves are
• main source of emission.
--Carbon dioxide concentration /
indoor air quality in interiors
important indicator for determining
whether quality of indoor air is bad/good
• Poor indoor air quality leads to tiredness,
-- lack of concentration and
---- can even bring about illnesses.

83. Causes of Poor indoor air Quality
i. Poor ventilation
ii. Outdoor air quality/impurities
iii. Poorly insulated Building Envelop
iv. Smoking
v. Use of toxic building material
vi. Use of High VOC compound based paints for walls
vii. Dampness/water intrusion- microbial contamination
viii.Use of VOC based cleaning agents
ix. Poor Lighting x. Furniture
x. Floor Coverings- Carpets, Carpeting of floor
xi. Poor pollution controls-- during construction
xii. Damaging existing vegetation/trees
xiii.Poor site planning/management
xiv.Using pesticides

84. Promoting health and wellbeing
 Promoting health and wellbeing by;
 Bringing fresh air inside/ Delivering good indoor air
quality-- through ventilation-- avoiding materials /
chemicals -- creating harmful /toxic emissions.
 Incorporating natural light / views--to ensure building
users’ comfort /enjoyment of surroundings/ reducing
lighting energy needs .
 Designing for ears/ eyes – through Acoustics /sound
insulation-- for promoting concentration, recuperation/
peaceful enjoyment of a building-- in educational, health
/residential buildings.
 Ensuring Environment comfort --through right indoor
temperature
 Passive design/ using plants
 Building management and monitoring systems

85. Best air purifying plants for
general air cleanliness
Areca Palm Snake Plant
Best Air Purifier
Money Plant
Removes Nitrogen Oxides
& absorbs formaldehydes
Improving Indoor Air Quality through Plants –
Air Purifiers

86. Changing
Paradigm of
Construction/
Material
Technologies

87. Future Typologies of Buildings

88. Future Cities-Conceptual
Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City
•Location: Any densely populated urban
environment
•-Date: 1991
•-Cost: $150,000,000,000
•Population: 1,000,000
•Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000
sft
•Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet
•Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres
•- 156 Chandigarh Sectors
•Elevator speed:-- 20 feet per second (13 miles
per hour)
•-- 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach top
floor from ground floor.
•Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet;
•Diameter at the base--6000 feet;
•Number of stories--500;

89. PEARL RIVER TOWER- GUANGZHOU, CHINA
NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
YEAR OF COMPLETION- 2011
SITE AREA-10635SQ.M.
PROJECT AREA- 214,100SQ.M.
(2.3MILLION SQ.FT.)
NO. OF STORIES- 71
HEIGHT OF BUILDING-309 M
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACHIEVED
THROUGH
SOLAR PANELS
PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS
WIND TURBINES
DAY LIGHT HARVESTING
DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALLS
CHILLED CEILING WATER
UNDER FLOOR VENTILATION

90. Rating/Evaluating Buildings

92. Evaluating Green Buildings:-IGBC 52 -
10+42
I Sustainable Architecture & Design- 5/5
 Integrated design approach, Site preservation, Passive
Architecture
 ii Site Selection and Planning -
14/14
basic amenities, proximity to local transport, natural
topography, tree preservation, heat island reduction, low
emitting vehicle, outdoor light pollution, facilities for
construction workers etc
 iii. Water Conservation --18/19
 Rain water harvesting – roof/non-roof, efficient plumbing
fixtures, Sustainable landscape design , waste water
treatment/recycling, water metering
 iv Energy Conservation --28/30
 use of chlorofluorocarbon-free equipment,
 Minimum energy consumption ,
 enhanced energy efficiency,
 On/off site renewable energy generation,

93. Parameters for Evaluating Green Buildings:
 v. Building Materials/Resources– 16/16
 waste segregation- post occupation ;handling of construction
waste materials, ;reuse of salvaged materials, ; using green
building materials, products and equipment
 organic waste management- post occupation,
 vi Indoor Environment Quality- 12/9
 tobacco smoke control, fresh air ventilation ,CO2 monitoring,
 low emitting compound materials, paints and adhesives,
 Day lighting, outdoor view, indoor/outdoor pollution
 Indoor Air Quality management during construction,
 Indoor Air Quality testing after construction/ before
occupation
vii. Innovations and Development -- 7/7
 Innovations in design process; optimisation of
structural design, Waste water reuse during
construction. ; IGBC accredited professional

94. ‘A Green building makes you
Happy, Healthy and More Productive
-Provides highest quality of indoor environment
-Optimizes Resources, , Reduces Waste,
- Reduces Carbon Footprints
-makes building operations cost effective and
energy efficient
- – ‘Natural Capitalism’

95. Go Green! Should be your mantra forlife-pp
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Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com