Advances in civil Engg.pptx

1. Green building
2. nZEB (nearly zero energy building)
3. Smart city and its features
4. Modern surveying equipments –
 Electronic distance meter (EDM)
 Total station
 GPS (global positioning system)

1.Green Building-
 Green building is the practice of creating
structure and using processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource
efficient throughout the building life cycle from
sitting to design construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation and demolition.
 A green building is one which uses less water,
optimise energy efficiency, conserve natural
resources, generate less waste and provides
healthier space for occupants when compared
with conventional building.

 Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives
such as a protecting occupant health, improving
employee productivity ,using energy, water and other
resources more efficiently and reducing the overall
negative impacts on environment.

fig. -Green building components

Objectives of Green Building-
 Green Buildings are designed to reduce the
overall impact on human health and the natural
environment by the following ways:
 Using energy, water and other resources
efficiently.
 By reducing waste, pollution, and environmental
degradation.
 Implementing the three R's system – Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle

Benefits Of Green Building-
 Green buildings are designed for achieving the
sustainability
 The essential aim of sustainable design is to
create a place , product and services in a way
that reduce use of non renewable resources,
minimize impact on environment. And use
locally available material to greater possible
extent.

1. Economical benefits of green building-
 Sustainable buildings reduce consumption of
material and energy which offers major finance
advantages that are-
 Reduce operating cost and improve occupant
performance due to efficient use of all utilities in
building.
 Creating, expanding and shaping markets for
green product and services.
 Increased property value.
 Less maintenance.
 Optimization of life cycle economic performance.
 Decreased infrastructure strain .

2. Environmental Benefits-
 Reduce impact of building construction and
operation on –
 Soil, aquatic and forest eco system.
 Air and water quality
 Energy consumption.
• The energy saving could range from 20% to
30% and water saving around 30% to 50%.
• Improve landscape of building site.
• Reduce waste generation and dependency on
artificial ventilation.
• Controls emission of green house gases.

 Enhance and protect the biodiversity and
ecosystem.
 Improve air and water quality.
 Conserve and restore natural resources.
 Offer energy efficiency, improved lighting,
improved comfort and healthier environment.

3.Social benefits-
(1)Enhanced occupant comfort and health
(2) Heightened aesthetic qualities
(3) Minimizing strain on local infrastructure
(4)Improved overall quality of life and standard of
living.
(5)Improved occupational productivity.

Disadvantages of green building-
(1) Structural orientation: In order to optimise sun
exposure, green building demand ideal structural
positioning causing friction among neighbours.
(2) Green roofs: In general, green roofs are
comprised of multiple layers as a vegetation layer
growing medium, drainage or water storage
insulation, a water proofing membrane and roof
support heavier than conventional roof.
(3) Air cooling features: In a green building inmates
may not have precise mechanism to regulate
temperature through natural ventilation.

(4) Green buildings are expensive: There are additional
costs during the construction phase of green building. But
the operational and maintenance costs of a green-built
home are significantly less.
 A building designed with passive solar and high-efficiency
windows require less energy to heat and cool, less
workload on units also results in lower repair cost and a
more years of service.
 Green buildings use up less materials and are built better so
they have higher value and will not need periodical
replacement of costly materials.
(5) Green homes are less appealing:
 The components used in green construction are engineered
to last longer and require less maintenance. Building green
also involves leaving more trees on the lots and less
modification to terrain.

Design Aspects For Green Building-
Green architecture is a green building design
concentrates on four interrelated aspects-
1.Daylight: Maximising the natural light available
throughout the day to occupants.
2. Natural ventilation: Maximising the use of natural
systems instead of depending on artificial ventilation
system.
(3) Comfort: Providing a combination of acceptable
temperature and air flow in order to provide a healthy
and productive workplace which maximizes the
potential productivity of its occupants.

4.Materials and devices: All materials and devices
used in green buildings need less consumption of
energy and water causing low ecological impact,
of renewable materials and low maintenance,
replacement costs over the life the building

Design criteria of green building as per
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
1.Site sustainability-
 Site selection- the site of green building shall take
place on one of the following ;
i. In an exiting building envelope
ii. On brown field site
iii. On grey field site
 The green building should not be constructed at –
i. Flood affected land
ii. Within 35 m of any wetland
iii. Within 150 m of fish pond and wildlife habitat
conservation area.

 Site development- A minimum 40% of the entire site
area shall incorporate one or more combination of
following:
i. Shall have a vegetated roof with a minimum depth of
growing medium of 75 m.
ii. Shall have porous pavers.
iii. Shall have permeable pavement with a minimum
percolation rate of 100 lit/min-m2.
2.water use efficiency-
 Water consumption of commercial buildings can be
reduced upto 50% using variety of innovation strategies
of plumbing and mechanical system as well as the
landscaping design.

 Water use can be reduced by following ways-
i. Site water use reduction
ii. Building water use reduction
iii. Domestic appliances
iv. Gray water use
v. Rain water harvesting
3.Energy efficiency-
 All elements of the building , foundation framing, roof
structure, floors and windows should be high energy efficient.
 Some measures to improve the energy efficiency of the
building are-
i. Orientation
ii. Building envelope
iii. Equipment and system
iv. lighting

 Equipment And System –
 the following points must be consider while selecting
the equipments-
i. Select the chillers with high coefficient of performance
ii. select high efficiency cooling tower
iii. Use high efficiency motors, transformers and pumps.
 Lighting-
 Lighting consumes about 20% electricity in the
building.
 Following points should be should be considered for
less power consumption-
i. Design n such way that building should get maximum
day light.
ii. Select energy efficient luminaries like CFL, T-5, LED
etc.

iii. Overall lighting power density can be designed as less
as 10 w/m2.
iv. Occupancy sensor control are used in conference rooms,
class rooms, meeting halls to automatically turn off
lighting (within 30 min.) when everybody lefts.
5.Indoor Air Quality-
i. In order to maintain or enhance IAQ following points
are considered.
 Paints- paints have major impact on aesthetical view and
human health. All water based paints contain Voc which
are harmful for health.
 Moisture resistant- products and systems that resist the
moisture or inhibit the growth of biological
contaminants in building should be used to protect the
health of occupants.

 Building entrance- all green building entrance shall
employ mat system.
 Environmental tobacco smoke-smoking shall not be
allowed inside the building.
5. Green building materials used in construction-
i. Earthen Materials.
ii. Wood.
iii. Bamboo.
iv. SIPs (structural insulating panels).
v. Insulated Concrete Forms.
vi. Cordwood.
vii. Straw Bale.
viii. Earth Bags.
ix. Cellular concrete

Green buildings in India
1. Suzlon One Earth, Pune

2. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA), Hyderabad
3.CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad
4. Infosys Limited, Mysore
5. Infinity Benchmark, Kolkata

2.Net Zero Energy Building-
 A zero-energy building is a building with zero net energy
consumption, which is also known as a zero net energy
(ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), net
zero building or zero-carbon building.
 It means that the total amount of energy used by the
building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount
of energy created on the site, or in other definitions by
renewable energy sources elsewhere.
 These buildings contribute less greenhouse gas to the
atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings.
 It reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas
production elsewhere by the same amount.

 India's first net zero building is Indira Paryavaran
Bhawan, New Delhi, inaugurated in 2014.
 In this building, passive solar building design and other
green technologies. High-efficiency solar panels were
proposed.
 This building many water conservation features

2) nZEB (nearly zero energy building)
Definition of zero energy building:
 A zero energy building produces sufficient renewable
energy to meet its own annual energy consumption
requirements, thereby reducing the use of non renewable
energy in the building sector, is called as zero energy
building.
Principle of zero energy building-
 The principle of zero energy building is to reduce the
carbon emission and reduce dependence on fossil fuel so
that net energy consumption will be zero.

 Importance Of Net-zero Energy Buildings-
 Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the
environment. Commercial and residential buildings use
almost 40% of the primary energy and approximately
70% of the electricity .Electricity consumption is
expected to increase another 50% by 2025.
 Nearly all of the greenhouse gas emissions from the
residential and commercial building sectors can be
attributed to energy use.
 Buildings can reduce emissions through their choice of
energy supply, or by reducing energy consumption
through improved building design, increased energy
efficiency and conservation and other mechanisms that
reduce energy demand in buildings.

Types of Net- Zero Energy Building-
(1) Net-zero site energy use
(2) Net-zero source energy use
(3) Net-zero energy emissions
(4) Net-zero cost
(5) Net off-site zero energy use
(6)Off-the-grid

(1) Net-zero site energy use:
 In this type of ZEB, the amount of energy
provided by on-site renewable energy sources is
equal to the amount of energy used by the
buildings.
(2) Net-zero source energy use:
 This ZEB generates the same amount of energy
as is used, including the energy used to transport
the energy to the building. This type accounts for
losses during electricity transmission. These
ZEBs must generate more electricity than net-
zero site energy buildings.

(3) Net-zero energy emissions:
 Outside the United States and Canada, a ZEB is generally
defined as one with zero net energy emissions, also known
as a zero carbon building or zero emissions building. Under
this definition the carbon emissions generated from on-site
or off-site fossil fuel use are balanced by the amount of on-
site renewable energy production.
. (4) Net-zero cost
 In this type of building, the cost of purchasing energy a
balanced by income from sales of electricity to the grid of
electricity generated on-site.

(5) Net off – site zero energy use:
 A building may be considered a ZEB if 100% of the
energy it purchases comes from renewable energy
sources, even if the energy generated off the site.
(6)Off - the- grid :
 Off-the-grid buildings are stand-alone ZEBs that are not
connected to an off-site energy utility facility. They
require distributed renewable energy generation and
energy storage capability (for when the sun is not shining
wind is not blowing, etc.)

Advantages of net-zero energy buildings:
 Isolation for building owners from future energy price
increases.
 Increased comfort due to more uniform interior
temperatures.
 Reduced requirement for energy austerity.
 Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved
energy efficiency
 Extra cost is minimized for new construction compared
to as afterthought retrofit.
 Higher resale value as potential owners demand more
ZEBs than available supply.
 Reduced greenhouse gas and emissions, and increased
energy security and independence.

Disadvantages of zero energy building-
 Initial costs can be higher- effort required to understand,
apply and qualify for ZEB subsidies.
 Very few designers or builders have the necessary skills
or experience to build ZEBs.
 Challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of
building, but new energy rating systems are being
introduced gradually.

India's first zero energy building-
(i.e. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan @ Delhi)
 This building is the first ever zero net energy multi-
storeyed building with 100% onsite renewable solar
power generation.
 Such a building is self-sufficient in energy requirements
and thus highly energy efficient.
 It contributes very little greenhouse gases, saves energy
produced either from non-renewable or renewable
sources somewhere else, and most of such buildings get
half or more of their energy from the grid and return the
same amount during non-peak hours of their use.

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan@ Delhi

Introduction to Smart City -
 In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to
provide services and solve city problems.
 Smart city uses digital network to connect people , to
protect & improve the lifestyle of citizens.
 A smart city does things like improve transportation and
accessibility, improve social services, promote
sustainability, and give its citizens a voice.
 The main goals of a smart city are to improve policy
efficiency, reduce waste and inconvenience, improve
social and economic quality, and maximize social
inclusion.

Need of Smart Cities-
 With increasing urbanization, India's urban population is
expected to increase from 377 million in 2011 to 600
million people by the year 2031.
 Almost 50% percent of the total population will live in
urban areas.
 According to a recent report on Indian urban infrastructure
and services, the urban share of the GDP is expected to rise
to 75% in the year 2030 from around 62-63 percent in the
year 2009-2010.
 The number of cities is projected to increase to 87 in the
year 2031 from 50 in 2011.

Need of Smart Cities-
 Urban areas will be critical to the economic growth of
the country and they will require a massive overhaul to
accommodate the future population.
 To cater to this increasing urban population in the future,
cities need to plan and provide a suitable environment
for future investments, create new jobs and livelihoods,
build reliable public infrastructure, provide social
services.

Classification of Smart Cities-
 smart cities can be broadly classified into following types:
(1)new cities,
(2)retrofitting existing cities with smart technologies,

Smart City Components
 Integrated transport and increased connectivity
 100% coverage of utilities: solid waste management,
storm water drainage, telecommunication, electricity,
water
 Integration of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) with transportation and utilities to
allow real time monitoring
 Energy Efficiency and the use of renewable resources
 Sustainable building practices
 Access to jobs, education and healthcare

Features of a Smart City:-
 Smart cities will helps in reducing congestion in cities, air
pollution and resource depletion.
 It will also boost local economy, promote interactions
and ensure security.
 Smart cities will promote mixed land use in area based
developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’ containing a
range of compatible activities.
 They will preserve open spaces, parks, grounds,
enhancing living standards of the citizens and reduce
urban heat effects.
 They will further promote transportation options.
 Smart cities will play a crucial role in making governance
citizen-friendly. The initiative will help in bringing
transparency and accountability

Features of a Smart City:-
 It will also help in giving identity to the cities, based on
main economy activity, local cuisine, health, education,
culture, etc.
 Applying smart solutions to infrastructure will be easy.
There will be less vulnerable areas in times of calamity,
natural disaster, etc.

Modern Equipments of surveying
Surveying-
 Surveying is the process of determining relative
positions of different objects on the surface of the earth
by measuring horizontal distances between them and
preparing a map to any suitable scale.
 Modern equipments used for surveying-
1. Total station
2. GPS( Global Positioning System)
3. EDM (Electronic Distance Meter)

1. Total station-
 A total station is an electronic instrument commonly
used in construction, surveying and civil engineering. It
is useful for measuring horizontal angles, vertical angles
and distance — it does this by analyzing the slope
between itself and a specific point.
OR
 Total Station is an equipment used in surveying,
designed for measuring horizontal and vertical angles,
inclusive of measuring sloping distance of object to the
instrument.
 It is the combination of theodolite and electromagnetic
distance measuring (EDM) instrument.
 It also consists of a micro-processor with a memory unit
which deals with recordings, readings, and the
fundamental calculation of measurements.

Components of Total Station-
 The components used in Total station surveying are as
follows:
 A tripod is used to hold the total station
 An electronic notebook used to record, calculate and
even manipulate the field data
 Prism and prism pole which can measure lengths up to
2 km and up to 6-7 km can be measured with triple
prism
 Battery

Principle of Total Station in Surveying
 The basic principle of the total station is that the distance
between any two points can be known once the velocity
and the time taken by the light to travel are known.
 Distance =Velocity *Time
 The following relation is already programmed in the
memory of the total station along with the correction
factors: that are used to calculate the required horizontal
distance and is finally displayed on the LCD screen of
the instrument

Objectives of using Total Station in
Surveying-
 The major objectives of using the total station in
surveying can be listed as follows:
a. To determine the angles between the points or average
of the multiple angles measured.
b. To determine the horizontal distance between the points
or average of the multiple distances measured.
c. To determine the elevation of various points.
d. To determine the three location coordinates of various
points.

Operations performed by total station:
a. Measurement of Distance : An essential component of
the total station is Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM)
which is responsible for the distance measurement.
 The measuring range of the EDM can vary from 2.8km to
4.2km.
 A typical EDM is capable of measuring the distance with
an accuracy ranging between 5mm to 10mm per km of
measurement.
 The EDM is equipped with an automatic target recognizer.
 The distance measured by the total station is always the
sloping distance from the instrument station to the object.

b. Measurement of Angle:
 Another important operation performed by the total
station is the measurement of angle.
 Usually, any suitable direction must be taken as the
reference direction for the measurement of the horizontal
angles.
 While, in case of the vertical angles, the vertically upward
direction i.e. The zenith is taken as the reference
direction.

c. Processing of Data :
 The processing of data in the total station is done
utilizing the microprocessor that is inbuilt on it.
 The inbuilt microprocessor is capable of averaging
the multiple observations taken.
 The microprocessor can compute the horizontal
distance as well as the location coordinates (i.e. X,
Y, Z coordinates).
 In the modern total station, the microprocessor can
apply even the pressure corrections and the
temperature corrections when the temperature and
the pressure values are provided.

d. Display of Output :
 The output or the computed results are displayed
in the total station utilizing the electronic display
unit.
 The display unit can display the computed
horizontal distance, vertical distance, horizontal
and vertical angles, elevation differences
between points and the location coordinates of
the required points.

e. Electronic Record Keeping (Electronic Book):
 The total station is capable of storing the data in
an electronic book which is similar to a compact
disc of the computer.
 Such electronic book can store the data ranging
from 2000 points to 4000 points.
 The data stored in the electronic book of the total
station can be unloaded by the surveyor to a
compute.

Advantages of Total station-
 Field work is carried out very fast.
 Accuracy of measurement is high.
 Manual errors involved in reading and recording are
eliminated.
 Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even
corrections for temperature and pressure are
automatically made.
 Computers can be employed for map making and plotting
contour and cross-sections. Contour intervals and scales
can be changed in no time.
 The computed values can be directly stored in the total
station and can also be easily transferred to computing
device.

Disadvantages of Total Station-
 While using the total station, it may be difficult for the
surveyor to recheck the work.
 Skilled manpower or experienced personnel is required
for operating the instrument.
 The total station is costlier than other conventional
survey equipment
 The total station is incorporated with several electronic
accessories and parts which may be affected by
moisture.

2. GPS (Global Positioning System)
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation and surveying system for determination of
precise position and time, using radio signals from the
satellites, in real time or in post-processing mode.
 GPS is being used all over the world for numerous
navigational and positioning applications, including
navigation on land, in air and on sea, determining the
precise coordinates of important geographical features as an
essential input to mapping.
 In India also, GPS is being used for numerous applications
in diverse fields like aircraft and ship navigation,
surveying, geodetic control networks, crustal deformation
studies, cadastral surveys, creation of GIS databases, time
service, etc., by various organisations.

Functioning of GPS:
 The GPS satellites are orbiting the earth continuously.
 The radio signals from the satellites are controlled and
corrected by control stations.
 Signals are received by the GPS receiver on the earth.
 The GPS receiver needs only three satellites to plot a 2D
map.
 By using four satellites, it can correctly draw a 3D map to
locate the geographical position of the object over the earth
surface.
 The entire functioning is carried out by three main
components. They are as follows:
1. Space segment 2. Control segment 3. User segment

1. Space segment-
 The space segment consists of 30 GPS satellites inclined at
55° and orbiting around from a height of 10660 miles
above the earth's surface.
 Due to earth's rotation on its own axis, a satellite will take
24 hours for a complete rotation around the earth.
 The higher altitude covers a large area over the earth's
surface.
 The positions of the GPS satellites are such that every four
satellites cover specific point (receiver) on the earth's
surface.
 Satellite signals can be received anywhere within a
satellite's effective range.

 The signal moves at a speed equal to that of light.
 The time elapsed for reaching the signal from the satellite
to the receiver can ultimately determine the distance of
the receiver from the corresponding GPS satellites.

2.Control Segment
 The control segment (CS) is composed of:
i. a master control station (MCS),
ii. an alternative master control station,
iii. four dedicated ground antennas, and
iv. six dedicated monitor stations.
 The control segment consists of five unnamed monitor
stations and one master station.
 The monitor stations continuously receive radio signals
emitted by the GPS satellites and transmitted to the master
station for its necessary correction on time and orbital
location.
 The corrected information is then sent back to the GPS
satellites through ground antennas.

3.User Segment
 The user segment consists of the user and their GPS
receivers.
 The signals transmitted by the satellites take
approximately 67 milliseconds to reach a receiver.
 Four different signals are generated in the receiver having
the same structure as those received from the four
satellites.
 The signal transit time is used for determine the distance
of the respective satellites.
 The receiver then calculates the latitude, longitude, height
and time of the user from the known range of the four
satellites.

Fig. – components of GPS system

Applications of GPS
 By using GPS, the following two values can be
determined:
1. The exact position of the observer in terms of latitude,
longitude, altitude and coordinates with an accuracy of 20
m to 1 mm, and
2. The time in terms of world time, universal time accuracy
up to 60 ns to 1 ns.
3.The additional parameters like speed, acceleration, local
time, measurements of approximate travel time for a
location are to be determined by using GPS. Recent use
in electronic car navigation system opens a new area of
locating objects on the earth's surface. Actually, GPS can
be used anywhere, where satellite signal and reception is
possible.

2. EDM:
(Electronic Distance Measurement
) -
 Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of
determining the length between two points using
electromagnetic waves. EDM is commonly carried out
with digital instruments called theodolite.
 Direct measurement of distances and their directions can
be obtained by using electronic instruments that depends
on propagation, reflection and reception of either light
waves or radio waves.
 They may be broadly classified into three types:
a. Infrared wave instruments
b. Light wave instruments
c. Microwave instruments

Working principal of EDM -
A B

a. Infrared Wave Instruments
 These instruments measure distances by using amplitude
modulated infrared waves.
 At the end of the line, prisms mounted on target are
used to reflect the waves.
 These instruments are light and economical and can be
mounted on theodolite for angular measurements.
 The range of such an instrument will be 3 km and the
accuracy achieved is ± 10 mm. E.g. DISTOMAT
 The use of infrared instrument is high in civil
engineering surveying as they are inexpensive and more
accurate when compare to the rest.

Distomats -
 It is a very small, compact EDM, particularly useful in
building construction and other Civil Engineering works,
where distance measurements are less than 500 m.
 It is an EDM that makes the meaning tape redundant.
 To measure the distance, one has to simply point the
instrument to the reflector, touch a key and read the result.

b. Light wave instruments
 These are the instruments which measures distances based
on propagation of modulated light waves.
 The light wave instrument use visible or simply light which
means wave lengths that are visible to human eyes to
measure the distance.
 The measuring range of light wave instruments is lesser
that that of microwave instruments as because of the less
transmitting power of light wave instruments.
 The accuracy of such an instrument varies from 0.5 to 5
mm / km distance and has a range of nearly 3 km.
Eg: Geodimeter

Geodimeter
 Geodimeter is an instrument which works based on the
propagation of modulated light waves.
 It was developed by E. Bergestand of the Swedish
Geological Survey in collaboration with the
manufacturer M/s AGA of Swedish.
 The instrument is more suitable for night time
observations and requires a prism system at the end of
the line for reflecting the waves.
 The very high accuracy of = or – 0.2mm to 1mm per km
can be achieved.

C. Microwave instruments
 These instruments make use of high frequency radio
waves.
 These instruments were invented as early as 1950 in
South Africa by Dr. T.L. Wadley.
 The range of these instruments is up to 100 km and can
be used both during day and night.
 E.g - Tellurometer

Tellurometer
 Tellurometer It is an EDM which uses high frequency
radio waves (micro-waves) for measuring distances.
 For measuring distance, two Tellurometers are required,
one to be stationed at each end of the line, with two highly
skilled persons, to take observations.
 One instrument is used as a master unit and the other as a
remote unit. Just by pressing a button a master can be
converted into remote unit and vice-versa.
 A speech facility (communication facility) is provided to
each operator to interact during measurement.
 this method a maximum distance of 80 to 100km can be
measured with an error correction of + or – 5 to 15 mm per
km.

Errors in EDM surveying -
1. Instrumental error- Such types of errors are inbuilt
in instruments because of their mechanical structure.
They may be due to manufacturing, calibration or
operation of the device.
2. Natural error- The errors due to natural phenomenon
like wind , temperature, refraction is called as natural
error.
3. Personal error- This is due to the poor workmanship
from the part of the survey professionals like poor set
up, wrong data entry, etc.

 Advantages of EDM’s:
 Precise measurement of distances.
 Capable of measuring long distances.
 Less personal error as compared with manual distance
measurement.
 Disadvantages of EDM’s:
 Accuracy affected by atmospheric conditions.
 Can be expensive.

Advances in civil Engg.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Advances in civil Engg.pptx

Similar to Advances in civil Engg.pptx (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Advances in civil Engg.pptx