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Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)
- 1. SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER Ipsita Dandriyal M.A- 2nd year Swayam Course- AcademicWriting Application no.-67918370eb8c11e9844061aaabd8b05e Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya, BHU, Varanasi
- 2. What Is Fear, Anxiety, Panic, and Phobia? • Fear is the emotional and physiological response to real and perceived imminent threat. • Anxiety is a mood state characterized by strong negative emotion and bodily symptoms of tension in anticipation of future danger or misfortune. • Panic is a group of physical symptoms of fight/flight response that unexpectedly occur in the absence of obvious danger or threat. • Phobia is a kind of anxiety that is also defined as a persistent or irrational fear.
- 3. Anxiety Disorder ■ Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different forms of abnormal pathological anxiety, fears, phobias, and nervous conditions that are described as an irrational or illogical worry that is not based on fact. ■ The term anxiety disorder can cover a range of severities from general social anxiety to panic disorders. ■ The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects of situations that induce fair anxiety or avoidance behaviour and associated cognitive ideation.
- 4. SeparationAnxiety Disorder ■ Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a psychological condition in which an individual has excessive anxiety regarding separation from home for some people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.
- 5. Symptoms ■ An unrealistic and lasting worry that something bad will happen to the parent or caregiver if the child leaves. ■ An unrealistic and lasting worry that something bad will happen to the child if he or she leaves the caregiver. ■ Refusal to go to school in order to stay with the caregiver. ■ Refusal to go to sleep without the caregiver being nearby or to sleep away from home. ■ Fear of being alone. ■ Nightmares about being separated.
- 6. ■ Bed wetting. ■ Complaints of physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachaches, on school days. ■ Repeated temper tantrums or pleading. ■ Clinging to caregiver.
- 7. Diagnostic criteria A. Developmentally appropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: ■ Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home for from major attachment figures. ■ Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible ham to them, such as illnesses, injury, disasters for death. ■ Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing and untoward event (example getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident , becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure.
- 8. ■ Persistent reluctance or refusing to go out, away from home, school, to work or elsewhere because of fear of separation. ■ Persistent and excess affair of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. ■ Persistent reluctance or refusing to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. ■ Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation. ■ Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (example headaches, stomachaches, nausea, vomiting) when separation from major attachment figure occurs or is anticipated. B.The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically six months or more in adults. C.The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
- 9. ■ The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusion or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.
- 10. Prevalence Separation anxiety disorder decreases prevalence from childhood through adolescence and adulthood and is the most prevalent anxiety disorder in children younger than 12 years. In clinical samples of children the disorder is equally common in males and females. In the community the disorder is more frequent in females.
- 11. Causes Of SeparationAnxiety Disorder ■ Environmental: Separation anxiety disorder often develops after life stress specially loss (example: the death of a relative or pet; an illness of the individual or a relative a change of schools; parental divorce; a move to a new neighbourhood; immigration; a disaster that involve periods of separation from attachment figures. In young adults other examples of life stress include leaving the parental home, entering into a romantic relationship, and becoming a parent. Parental over protection and intrusiveness may be associated with separation anxiety disorder. ■ Genetic and physiological: separation anxiety disorder in children mane heritable. Heritability was estimated at 73% in a community sample of 6 year old twins with higher rates in girls.Children with separation anxiety disorder display particularly enhanced sensitivity to respiratory stimulation using C02 enriched air.
- 12. Treatment for SAD ■ Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy is the primary type of treatment used for SAD. ■ For older children who have not outgrown separation anxiety within the normal developmental time table or who have regressed to it under stress Treatment may include: ■ Anti anxiety medications ■ Changes in parenting techniques ■ Counselling for parents and child Treatment for severe cases may include: ■ Family education, ■ Family therapy, ■ Individual psychotherapy.
- 13. Prognosis ■ Over 60% of children participating with their parents inCBT are successful in managing their symptoms with or without medication ■ SAD has a poor prognosis in environment where threat of physical harm or separation actually exist. ■ Autism decrease the likelihood of a positive prognosis. ■ SAD in children may be associated with the increased risk of suicide.
- 15. ThankYou!