2. The Inter-Islamic Network On Water Resources
Development and Management Workshop in Egypt,
&
Water Chemistry & Treatment Presentation
By Inaam Ahamad Khan
Several International Organisation like
WHO, EPA, AWWA, NSF, ASTM, SM etc.
Information from Books & Cyberspace
3.
4.
5.
6. Purely Scientific Definition
Any foreign substance in water, which is not
H2O is considered a contaminant
What are Contaminants
Study of Substances (Contaminants)
Present in Water
7. Any foreign matter un-dissolved or dissolved
in water, makes it unfit for general,
domestic and industrial use is a contaminant
These foreign substances may come from
natural or unnatural sources
Which includes particulate matters,
atmospheric gases, inorganic & organic
compound and bio-organism
8. Contaminants physical, chemical & biological
properties depends on water sources
Depending on specific use, if water has these
impurities in a considerable quantity, it become
unsuitable
All waters available are considered not
good for human activities
9. Water can contain up to 90 possible
contaminants at unacceptable concentration
Treatment depends on chemistry of
contaminants
Inorganic compounds
Organic compounds
Solids
Gases
Biological
17. Heat dissipated
into space
Heat trapped in
the atmosphere
Incoming sunlight
Outer space
Atmosphere
CO2, CFCs, NO2,
Methane etc.
Forest
fires
Volcano
Industries
Houses
Vehicle
emission
Cows
Deforestation
SUN
18.
19. Inorganic Ions Cations
Na+
Ca+2
Anions
Cl-
HCO-3
Organics Natural
Tannic Acid
Humic Acid
Man Made
Pesticides
Herbicides
Particles
(Colloids)
Non Dissolved Solid Matter
(Small deformable solids with a net negative
charge)
Microorganisms
(Endotoxin)
Bacteria , Algae , Microfungi
(Lipopolysaccharide fragment of Gram negative
bacterial cell wall)
H H
H-C-C-OH
H H
Those substances
which are removed
from water by
simple filtration and
adsorption &
absorption methods
Those susbstances
which are not
removed from
water by simple
treatment methods
20. Particulate matter - Silt, Soil, Sand, Clay etc.
Colloidal matter - Silica, Inorganic &
Organic Compounds, etc.
Biological - Algae,Bacteria, protozoa,
viruses, plants & animals etc.
34. Biological organism can be classified as
viable and non-viable
Viable is that organism which can
proliferate under a given specific condition
Non-viable are derived from a breakdown
of, or a product of a viable organism
43. Surface Water
Ground Water
Particulate matter - Silt, Sand,
Soil, Clay, Wood, Plastics etc.
Colloidal matter - Inorganic &
Organic
Temperature Variations
Calcium, Magnesium Iron,
Manganese, Silicates, Copper,
Aluminum, Heavy metals,
Nitrates, Phosphates, Sulphate,
Ammonium, Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide
Bio-organism, Plants & Animals
Pollutions
44. Particulate - Silt, Sand, Soil, Clay,
Wood, Plastics etc.
Colloidal - Inorganic & Organic
Colour & Temperature Variations
Varies, Seasonal,
Pollution,
Moderate to High
Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium
Bio-organism, Plants & Animals
Rel. Constant,
Nil or Very Low
Varies, Pollution,
Moderate to High
Divalent & Trivalent metals Ions,
Heavy metals, Sulphate, Nitrates,
Phosphates, Silicates,
Rel. Constant,
Rarely, Seasonal
Nil or Very Low
45. Rel. Constant,
Rarely Seasonal
Nil or Very Low
Varies, Pollution,
Moderate to High
Nil or Very Low
Seasonal
Varies, Seasonal
Pollution,
Moderate to High
Particulate - Silt, Sand, Soil, Clay,
Wood, Plastics etc.
Colloidal - Inorganic & Organic
Colour & Temperature Variations
Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium
Bio-organism, Plants & Animals
Divalent & Trivalent metals Ions,
Heavy metals, Sulphate, Nitrates,
Phosphates, Silicates,
46. Mass(Count)/Mass(Count) units – ppm or ppb
Mass/Volume units – mg/L, µg/L or g/L
Volume/Volume units – ml/L or µl/L
Count/Volume units – C/ml, or C/L
Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/100 ml
Radioactive Particle – pCi/L
50. When TDS is expressed as sodium chloride salts
NaCl (67.0 %)
MgCl2 (14.6 %)
Na2SO4 (11.6%)
KCl (2.2 %)
CaCl2 (3.5 %)
Misc. (1.1 %)
51. WATER ANALYSIS DEPENDS ON USER’S PARTICULAR NEEDS AND
REQUIREMENTS
WATER ANALYSIS IS CRITICAL & MOST IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATION FOR SUCCESSFUL DESIGN, OPERATION AND
INTERPRETATION OF TREATMENT PLANT & USES OF TREATED WATER
TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF CONTAMINATION
TO IDENTIFY AND MEASURE THE NATURE & QUANTITY OF
CONTAMINANTS
TO DETERMINE THE BEST METHOD TO CONTROL / ELIMINATE THEM
TO SELECT THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS OR PROCESSES
TO EVALUATE THE DESIGN AND OPERATION PRINCIPLE &
PARAMETERS FOR CONTROL
52. The sample collector must be fully trained in
sampling technique, objective of analysis and
field test procedures
Use proper sampling procedure and container
Collect representative sample sufficient enough in
volume, to be transported conveniently and
analyzed as being sampled
The reliability of analytical results and interpretation
of data depends on sampling
53. Sample collection methods depends on the source & the
nature of analysis and control program
Sample collected at a particular time and place, represents the
composition of the sources,
A mixture of garb samples collected at the same sampling
point at different times,
A mixture of grab samples collected from
different points simultaneously, or as nearly so as possible,
54. Frequent sampling is beneficial for the process and
quality control
Depends on the variation in water analysis
The type of treatment processes used & Other factors
55. Contaminants Nature Methods
Large & Small Floating debris
Gravel, Sand & Silt
Aquatic organism, Fine debris
Screening, Sedimentation,
Macro-straining,
Suspended, colloidal and
dissolved solids,
Lime Soda Softening,
Coagulation, Flocculation,
Sedimentation,
Clarification,
All Gases and Volatile
Organics
Aeration, &
Stripping
Suspended matter
1- 1000 micron
Filtration
Gravity & Pressure
56. Contaminants Nature Methods
Di & Trivalent Ions,
Color, Odor etc.
0.01 – 0.001 Micron
Nano-filtration
(Membrane Process)
Suspended matter
0.1- 1 micron
Micro-filtration
(Membrane Process)
All types of Particles
And Ions, Organics,
Hyper-filtration (RO)
(Membrane Process)
All type of Dissolved matters
Electro-dialysis
(ED & EDR)
(Membrane Process)
57. Contaminants Nature Methods
Hardness & Dissolved
Minerals
Ion-exchange
Inorganic & Organics,
Color, Odor & Taste,
Water Stabilization,
Adsorption, Absorption &
Dissolution
Micro-organism,
Color, Odor & Taste,
Iron, Manganese etc. Organics,
Chemical Oxidation
All type of Dissolved matters MSF, MED, MVC etc.
(Thermal)
58. 1st Step of Conventional method for low TDS
surface and groundwater
After Basic Screening Coagulation Process
WATER
TOWARDS
SEDIMENTATION
Lake & Reservoir
59. 2nd Step of Conventional Method
After Coagulation Sedimentation
WATER TOWARDS FILTRATION
FROM 1st STEP
SEDIMENTS
60. 3rd and Final Steps of Conventional Method
After Coagulation Sedimentation
FILTRATION
FROM 2nd STEP
TO CONSUMER
DISINFECTION STORAGE TANK
62. spray ball
Break tank
Excess Water
Recycled
from Deionizer
(DI)
Raw water
« S” Trap to Sewer
Water is kept
Circulating
To Water
Softener & DI
plant
Cartridge
Filter
5 micron
Activated
Carbon
Filter
Air Break to Drain
Pump
Air Filter
Float Operated Valve
Sand Filter
Pretreatment for Softener or Deionizer
71. It is a sieve that strains out undesirable particles,
It is in either sheets or fibers forms,
The membrane has tiny holes, water molecules
pass through but larger particles are kept out,
Some membranes are designed to trap larger
particles such as bacteria, protozoa and
“suspended solids”,
Others stop even the tiniest particles such as
salts, viruses and pharmaceuticals,
86. PARAMETERS UNIT MIN. MAX. WHO SASO
Temperature, Ambient o
C 28.0 33.0 NG NG
pH , 8.20 8.50 6.50 - 8.50 7.00 - 8.50
Conductivity, uS/cm 350 530 NG 800 - 2300
Turbidity, FAU 1.0 3.0 5.0 25.0
TotalDissolved Solids, mg/l 195 295 1000 500 - 1500
Odor, TON UNO UNO UNO UNO
Color, Cu 1.0 3.0 15.0 50.0
TotalHardness as CaCO3, mg/l 32.5 41.0 NG 100 - 500
P-Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 0.50 1.00 NG NG
T. Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 29.4 37.1 NG NG
KINDASA POTABLE WATER PROJECTED SPECIFICATIONS
87. pH indicates the acidic or basic nature of a water,
The term assume the activity of hydrogen ion,
a H + is being considered, and a logarithmic scale is
used to express a wide range of ionic activities.
Where as pH is expressed,
pH = - log10 a H + , The Power of Hydrogen ions,
The pH value always lies between 0 and 14.
Temperature is important to maintain water quality,
90. Acid neutralizing capacity of water is called alkalinity.
It is due to presence of certain ions mainly
Bicarbonates (HCO3) – (pH 4.3)
Carbonates (CO3) – (pH 8.3)
Hydroxides (OH) – (pH 8.3)
91. Hardness Classification Mg/l or ppm as CaCO3
Soft 0 - 60
Moderate 61 - 120
Hard 121 - 180
Very Hard > 180
Not only impacts on Aesthetic quality,
It may hide dangerous germs,
It is also an indication of water quality,
92. Musty, Earthy,
or Woody
Harmless Aesthetic only
Chlorine
Excessive
chlorination
Not good
Rotten egg,
blacken silver
Hydrogen sulfide
& sulfate bacteria
Various effects
Detergent order
& foams
Seepage of septic
into water source
Toxic &
carcinogenic
Gasoline or oil
Leak of gasoline &
oil into water source
Toxic &
carcinogenic
Methane gas & Phenol
Industrial Waste &
organic in water
Toxic &
carcinogenic
93. Yellow cast
after filtering
Bio-organism
vegetation
decaying
Various health effects
Milky or
Cloudy
Precipitate salts,
air from pump
& poor
treatment
Various health effects
Green stain on
sink &
blue-green cast to
bathroom fixture
High carbon
dioxide content
in water
(pH <6.8)
Unhealthy various
health effect
94. Particles, dirt,
& clay
Un-dissolve
Matters
Unhealthy may contains
Microorganism
Brownish
or rusty
Acidic
water
Various health effects
Grey string
like fibre
Algae &
organic matter
Unhealthy may contains
Microorganism
95. Whitish pipes, heater,
kettle & Soap curd
Calcium &
magnesium salts
Aesthetic only
Abrasive texture
& residue in sink
Fine sand & silt Trap of
contaminants
Salty
High sodium
content
Aesthetic &
unhealthy
Alkaline taste
High dissolved
minerals
Aesthetic
unhealthy
Metallic taste
Very low pH,
High iron, lead
& copper
Unhealthy
96. PARAMETERS UNIT MIN. MAX. WHO SASO
Calcium, mg/l 11.50 12.70 75 - 200 75 - 200
Magnesium, mg/l 1.00 2.30 30 - 150 30 - 150
Total Iron, mg/l 0.01 0.05 0.30 0.1 - 1.0
Barium, mg/l NR * NR * 0.70 1.0
Manganese, mg/l 0.01 0.05 0.1 - 0.5 0.05 - 0.5
Sodium, mg/l 54.00 89.00 200 NG
Potassium, mg/l 2.00 3.70 NG NG
Sulfate, mg/l 3.50 5.90 250 200 - 400
Chloride, mg/l 87.00 148.00 250 200 - 600
Fluoride, mg/l NR ** NR ** 1.50 0.6
Nitrate, mg/l 0.05 0.01 50.0 45
Nitrite, mg/l 0.01 0.05 3.0 NG
Phosphate, mg/l 0.01 0.05 NG NG
Carbonate, mg/l 0.60 1.20 NG NG
Bi-Carbonate, mg/l 34.20 41.60 NG NG
Silica, mg/l 0.30 0.50 NG NG
Residual chlorine, mg/l 0.20 0.40 NG 0.2 - 0.5
T. Bacteria Count CFU Per100ml NG NG NG NG
T. Coliform CFU Per100ml 0 <1 <1 <1
E. Coliform CFU Per100ml 0 0 0 0
Fecal Coliform CFU Per100ml 0 0 0 0
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
KINDASA POTABLE WATER PROJECTED SPECIFICATIONS
AS ION
97. The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed
in drinking water,
MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible
using the best available treatment technology and
taking cost into consideration,
MCLs are enforceable standards,
98. The level of a contaminant in drinking water
below which there is no known or
expected risk to health,
MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are
non-enforceable public health goals,
A required process intended to reduce the level of
a contaminant in drinking water,
99. CONTAMINANTS MCLG MCL or TT
Crypto Zero TT- 99%
Giardia Zero TT – 99.9%
Legionella Zero TT
Coliforms (E. Coli
& F. Coli)
Zero 5%*
Viruses Zero TT – 99.99%
100. CONTAMINANTS MCLG (mg/l) MCL (mg/l)
Bromate Zero 0.010
Chlorite 0.8 1.0
Halo-Acetic Acid
(HAA5)
---* Some
individual ones
have MCLG values
0.060
Total
Tri-Halo-Methanes
TTHM)
---* Some
individual ones
have MCLG values
5%*
101. CONTAMINANTS MCLG (mg/l) MCL (mg/l)
Arsenic Zero 0.010
Copper 1.3
TT Action
Level 1.3
Lead Zero
TT Action
Level 0.015
Thallium 0.0005 0.002
102. CONTAMINANTS MCLG (mg/l) MCL (mg/l)
Acrylamide Zero TT(0.05%)
Alachlor Zero 0.002
Benzene Zero 0.005
PAHs Zero 0.0002
Carbon tetrachloride Zero 0.005
Chlordane Zero 0.002
DBCP Zero 0.0002
1,2 Di-chloroethane Zero 0.005
103. CONTAMINANTS MCLG (mg/l) MCL (mg/l)
Alpha Particles Zero 15 pCi/L
Beta Particles &
photon emitters
Zero
4 millirems
Per Year
Radium 226 &
Radium 228
Zero 5 pCi/L
Uranium Zero 30 µg/L
104. Low TDS water of RO or any other desalination
process is highly corrosive in nature
Low TDS water are particularly low in calcium,
pH, alkalinity, and high in carbon dioxide,
Low silica content,
(reduce water buffering capacity)
Ratio of alkalinity to chloride and sulfate,
105. Corrosiveness of water damages
Water mains,
Storage tanks,
Plumbing,
Process Equipment,
Depending on corrosive nature water other
quality is also changed
106. pH
Temperature
Dissolved Solids
System Deposits
Water Velocity
Microbiological Growth
All water systems experiences some degree
of corrosion. The objective is to control the
corrosion well enough to maximize the life
expectancy of the system...
107. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) = pH - pHs
Ryzner Stability Index (RSI) = 2 pHs - pH
Saturation (pHs) is required to calculate Indices
And for pHs temperature, pH,& calcium, alkalinity
& ionic concentration in water
Calculated as pHs= p Calcium + p Alkalinity +C
108. LSI
If pH < pHs SI is negative The water is corrosive
If pH < pHs SI is positive The water is scale forming
RSI
5 – 6 Slight scale forming
6 – 7 Equilibrium
7 – 7.5 Slightly corrosive
7.5 – 8.5 Highly corrosive
Find out stability indices & stabilize the water
109. Several techniques are used to stabilize water
The selection of techniques depend on the final water
quality needed and the application
The more frequent techniques
Blending the product water with the raw other water source
Adding CO2 and adjusting the pH to increase both the Ca2+
and the alkalinity
Calcite (lime stone) contractor
Adding corrosion inhibitors
110. Limestone contactors advantages
Easier and safer to operate,
Reduces operating cost,
Self adjusts the water pH
without risk of alkali overdose,
Requires minimal maintenance and operator skills,
Does not require continuous feed of chemicals
111. KINDASA and PEPESI jointly sent the water
samples to NSF approved laboratories for
thorough analysis
40 – Inorganic chemicals :–
Only Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, B, Cl2, ClO2 & ClO4
found higher than bottle water specification,
157 – Organic chemicals :– Nothing is detected,
5 – Radionuclides :–Only Tritium <270 pCi/l
limit is 2700 pCi/l,
112. KINDASA do not use any chemical without
studying its properties and effect on potable water
All chemicals used in process are manufactured
using natural raw materials,
All chemicals are safe and non polluting,
No organic or polymeric chemicals are used in
process,
Only two RO cleaning chemicals are used off line,
117. Yearly Carbon Foot Print After Reducing Process Chemicals Usage
Description
Phase A Phase B
Saved
SR
A & B
Kg
Reduced
SR
From Feb
2008
Tonnes
Reduction
in CO2
Kg
Reduced
SR
From Feb
2008
Tonnes
Reduction
in CO2
Sulfuric
Acid
401500 477785 1475 365000 434350 1341 912135
Pump KW 876 105 475 4529 543 2459
Ferric
Chloride
5124 5124 0 0 0 0 59874
Pump KW 543 65 0.7 788 95 0.8 160
Lime 9000 6075 7200 64800 43740 51840 49815
Pump KW 1488 179 1 5107 613 2.8 791
Total 489333 9151 534091 53186 1023424
118.
119.
120. Ion Exchange
Benefits
Effective at removing ions
Resistivity 1-10 MΩ.cm with a single pass through the
resin bed.
Resistivity 18 MΩ.cm with proper pretreatment
Easy to use: Simply open the tap and get water
Low capital cost
IX resin (+)
Ion (-)
Particulate
Colloid (-)
Organics
Fines (-)R - NH4OH- + Cl- R - NH4 Cl- + OH-
R - SO-
3 H+ + Na+ R - SO-
3 Na+ + H+
Cation Exchange Resin
Anion Exchange Resin
H2O
Limitations
Limited or no removal of particles, colloids, organics or
microorganisms
Capacity related to flow rate and water ionic content
Regeneration needed using strong acid and base
Prone to organic fouling
Multiple regenerations can result in resin breakdown and
water contamination
Risk of organic contamination from previous uses
121. Electrodeionization (EDI, CDI, ELIX, CIX)
Conductive
Carbon Beads
A C A C
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
H+
H+
OH-
OH-
Cl--
Na++
Cl -
Cl -
Cl -
Cl -
-+
Waste
Product
RO Feed Water
Ion Exchange Resin
Continuous deionization technique
where mixed bed ion-exchange resins,
ion-exchange membranes and a small DC
electric current continuously remove
ions from water (commercialize by Millipore
in mid 80’s)
Performance enhancements:
Ion-exchange added to waste channels
improve ion transfer and removal.
Conductive beads aded to cathode
electrode channel reduces risk of scale
and use of a softener
Cations driven toward negative electrode by DC current
Anions driven toward positive electrode by DC current
Alternating anion permeable and cation permeable membranes effectively separate ions from
water
RO feed water: Avoids plugging, fouling and scaling of the EDI module
122. Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured
human cells.
Photo Source: Photo by Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH with information from The National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
