This document provides a critical review of irrigation systems in Nawalparasi, Nepal. It outlines the layout of the district, relevant policies and plans, design parameters of irrigation systems, and factors affecting agricultural production. Performance is measured based on indicators like adequacy, timeliness and equity. The methodology, analysis and conclusions presented are based on a study of the Western Gandak Nepal Canal and other irrigation sub-projects in the district. Key findings include issues with inundation, sedimentation and tail-end water distribution. Recommendations focus on improving infrastructure, management practices and developing sustainable irrigation policies.
Simple, Complex, and Compound Sentences Exercises.pdf
Critical Review of Nawalparasi Irrigation
1. Critical review of irrigation
system in Nawalparasi,
Nepal
C.R. Dhakal1*
, H. Chaulagain2
, D. Gautam2
Department of Irrigation, Division Office Nawalparasi, Nawalparasi, Nepal
School of Engineering, Pokhara University, Nepal
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2. Outlines
• Layout Map of NP district
• Policies and plan
• Design Parameters of Irrigation system
• Factors affecting production
• Performance measurement Indicators
• Methodology
• Analysis
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Photos, Reference; Sub-Projects List
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4. Policies and Plan
• Constitution of Nepal
• Periodic Plan and programs
• Water Resource Act 2049, Regulations 2050 BS.
• Water Resource Strategy 2002
• Water Resource Plan 2005
• Irrigation policy 2060, revised 2070 BS.
• Irrigation ACT…??????? Yet to be approve
• Land Use policy, but Act…? Yet to be draft…
• More than 47 sub projects through Gov.,
ILC,NISP,MIP,IWRMP,NITP with in past 30 years.
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5. design parameters of IS
• agricultural production
• access to market
• available technologies
• site specific hydrological and metrological data.
• technical phenomena,
• socio, economic and cultural conditions
• Scatter scare resource;
• economic analysis.
• multi-disciplinary approach
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6. Factors affecting Production.
• rural infrastructures; transportation,
• vocational/educational..
• electricity facilities
• water supply system/irrigation system are
accordingly important on agricultural production.
regional industrial structures
mechanical intensity
quality of labor and
geographical location
(Zongzhang Li & Xiaomin Liu)
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Inputs
• Technology
• Fertilizer
• Mechanization
• Improved seeds
10. Western Gandak Nepal Canal 10300 Ha
• WGNC 8700 ha
• Piparpati Parsauni from WMC 1600 Ha
• As per agreement 40000 Acre
• Now only 15000 acre, 32km main
• Agreement 1960, (2016 BS.), amendment 1961,
• India two systems more than 18000+16000 Qsec.,
40 MW
• Nepal 300 Qsec +500 Qsec, 15 Mw (5 mw)
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15. WGNC..
• Inundation: Sever problem
• Timeliness ? (Sugarcane.. , 1 month late Indian crop calendar)
• Adequacy ? 25000/40000, (Canal section,
alignment)
• Sedimentation ? (Not only annual, fills in early
monsoon, Wrong Orientation, absence of escape
& flush structures)
• Equity?.. Tail end problem,
• Predictability: Key and calendar in Indian Hands
• Convenience: More than 75% field channel collapsed, a sample study
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16. WGNC..
• Adequacy: (more than 45% HH have tube well/pumpset, a sample study)
• salt content.
• Nutrient content
• Toxics
• Pathogens
• Energy Efficiency: Gravity flow
• WUA mgmt. efficiency: satisfactory only
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20. Conclusion
• 80% headwork's are temporary, frequent
construction, maintenance is tedious and should
improved Permanently
• Though Source has designed capacity, seasonal
variation is high and more scarcity of water in dry
season, for non-seasonal farming: (Year Round
Irrigation for only 30%).
• Though more than 73% people get water, 46% could
not get when needed.
• More than 60% canal system has problems so farmers
have demand for canal lining
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21. .• The lined canal is required for dry season vegetable
farming, so lined canal is increasing
• Still 40% have aggregate and sand problems.
• They are very back to lunch pre declared water
calendar, (9%), on season 45% and rest 46% are
suffering.
• Though 83% contribute in ISF., but not systematic
and sufficient
• Out of 112 respondent 52 have feeling of poor
distribution, no chance of water in tail end.
• Sharing of water resources benefits among the
riparian countries in equitable bases.
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22. .• About 79% respondent demanded for balance
market and good governance
• Modern, automated, improved, and well-
managed irrigation system helps to motive people
in the agriculture sector
• Balance and sustainable development, energy
efficient and comparatively high value goods
production is essential to get value of per unit
water.
• Project performance and Plan & Policy impact
evaluation for improvement.
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23. Recommendations
• There must be clear policy and standards for
better impact.
• There should be well developed system in
equitable basis to achieve national target of
sustainable economy, sustainable development.
• There should allocate huge fund to make
improved, standard and reliable Irrigation system
• Water balance, basin approach, small reservoir
and energy efficient projects selection
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24. .
• Update of water policy, strategy, plan and bring
forward the irrigation Act with land use Act.
• Resource, Opportunities and challenges sharing
with farmers, co-operatives and private sector for
better management.
• There should be tractable system with improved
headwork, energy efficient convenience system.
• There should be qualified labor, so vocational
training is upmost important.
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26. Central projects:5 ; upto 048/49
• Bulingtar 280 ha, Needed Major rehav KR fund,
JICA.
• Dedgaun 225 ha, Rhav, ILC, Good
• Tokre 650ha, Major rehav throughIWRMP.
• Turiya 550 ha, not completed, Re apprised from
Samridha Terai in Hakuhi
• Pokharapali 300, not performing
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34. Ground water
• estimated that rechargeable groundwater in the
terai is anywhere between 5.8 BCM and 11.5 BCM.
•
• At present, it is estimated that about 756 million
cubic metres (MCM) of groundwater resources are
being used for irrigation purposes and 297 MCM
• About 7000 ha
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36. impacts
Irrigated Area
Seasonal and Non Seasonal Vegetable Farming
Farm income
Soil Salinity and Water logging
Land Reclamation
Irrigated Cropping Intensity
Crop Yield and Crop Production.
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