Cathode rays travel in straight lines and produce mechanical effects, showing they are beams of negatively charged particles. The properties of cathode rays do not depend on the gas or cathode material in the discharge tube. Experiments found the ratio of charge to mass of cathode ray particles is exactly the same from different gases.

1. 1
‫املهبط‬‫أشعة‬Cathode Rays
‫املهبط‬ ‫أشعة‬ ‫خواص‬Properties of Cathode Rays
1- Travel in Straight Lines:
When an opaque object
like a metal cross is
placed in the path of
cathode rays in a
discharge tube, a
shadow of the metal
cross is formed at the
end opposite to the
cathode. The placement
of the shadow proved
that these rays follow a
straight line.
(‫شكل‬1)
[1‫مستقيمة‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫فى‬ ‫تسري‬ ]:
‫طري‬ ‫فى‬ ‫معتم‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫فعند‬‫األنبوبة‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫فى‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫للجسم‬ ‫يتكون‬ ‫التفريغ‬ ‫أنبوبة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫قها‬‫كما‬(‫شكل‬1).
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2- Produce Mechanical Effects: On placing a light paddle in the path of cathode rays in a discharge
tube, the blades of the
paddle wheel rotate.
This shows that
cathode rays are a beam
of particles having
mass and possessing
kinetic energy.
(‫شكل‬2)
[2]‫مادية‬ ‫جسيمات‬:
‫ععع‬‫ع‬‫وض‬ ‫فعند‬‫ععع‬‫ع‬‫أش‬ ‫أن‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدأ‬‫ا‬ ‫ول‬ ‫هدو‬ ‫فدنها‬ ‫الكانود‬ ‫عععة‬‫ع‬‫أش‬ ‫أنبوبة‬ ‫طرين‬ ‫فى‬ ‫فة‬ ‫ععا‬‫ع‬‫الس‬ ‫عجلة‬‫ج‬ ‫الكانود‬ ‫ة‬‫ععفما‬‫ع‬‫س‬
‫(شكل‬ .‫حركة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وطا‬ ‫كتلة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫مادية‬2)

2. 2
3- Are Negatively
Charged: When an
electric field is
applied in the path
of cathode rays,
they are deflected
towards the
positive plate of the
electric field, which
shows cathode
rays are made up of
negatively charged
particles.
‫(شكل‬3)
[3]‫الشحنة‬ ‫سالبة‬:(‫تتأثر‬‫با‬‫جمل‬‫الكهربى‬ ‫الني‬‫واملغ‬‫ن‬‫اطيسى‬)
‫الم‬ ‫الق‬ ‫ناحفة‬ ‫هنحرة‬ ‫المهبف‬ ‫عععة‬‫ع‬‫أش‬ ‫فدن‬ ‫كهربى‬ ‫مجاأ‬ ‫ععع‬‫ع‬‫وض‬ ‫فعند‬‫مطناطفسععى‬ ‫مجاأ‬ ‫ععع‬‫ع‬‫وض‬ ‫عن‬‫لك‬ ‫(وك‬ ‫وج‬)
‫(شكل‬3)
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4- The nature of the cathode rays does not depend on the nature of gas taken in the discharge tube or
the material of the cathode.
[4.‫الكاثود‬ ‫مادة‬‫نوع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫ال‬‫الكاثود‬ ‫أشعة‬ ‫طبيعة‬]
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5- The ratio of the charge to mass (e/m ratio) of cathode ray particles obtained from different gases
was found to be exactly the same.
[5‫نسبة‬ ]‫ال‬‫شحنة‬(e)‫إىل‬‫ال‬‫كتلة‬(m)(e/m ratio).ً‫ا‬‫متام‬‫متساوية‬‫املختلفة‬ ‫للغازات‬ ‫الكاثود‬ ‫أشعة‬ ‫لكل‬
‫سويفى‬ ‫حسام‬ :‫إعداد‬
‫الكيمياء‬ ‫خبري‬ ‫معلم‬
:‫املرجع‬http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/structure-
atom/search-particles-electrons.php#
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