5. Forming of auxospore:…
Forming of 2 auxospores by conjugation of 2
cell/individual (isogamete or an isogamete)
Gomphonema parvulum (isogamet), Cymbella
lanceolata (an isogamete)
Single auxospore forming by conjugation of 2 individual
Cocconeis pediculus, Surirella taxonica
Single auxospore forming from one individual by
pedogami
Auxospore forming by oogami
Rhabdonema adriaticum
Auxospore forming by autogami
Amphora normani
6.
7. Diatom Araphid (Centrophycidae) dengan
simetri radial, tanpa raphe
Cyclotella Stephsnodiscus Coscinodiscus
Thallasiosira Aulacoseira Melosira
Chaetoceros
Rhizosolenia
8. Forces and moments
acting on the diatom chain
Crawford R.M. and Gebeshuber I.C. (2006)
“Harmony of beauty and expediency", Science First
Hand 5(10), pp. 30-34.
24. BIOINDIKATOR adalah organisme, baik spesies
maupun kelompok spesies) yang dapat memberikan
informasi lokasi, kondisi tertentu maupun kualitas
lingkungan
- kaktus, pohon kelapa
- migrasi hewan, flamboyan berbunga, burung gagak
- ikan, daun menguning
YANG KEMUDIAN BERKEMBANG PESAT ADALAH
BIOINDIKATOR KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN
25. BIOINDICATOR
(Cairn et al., 1993 dalam Jamil, 2001 )
1. indikator pemenuhan (compliance indicator) yang
didesain untuk mengetahui restorasi kualitas
ketercapaian;
2. indikator diagnostik (diagnostic indicator) untuk
investigasi penyebab gangguan); dan
3. indikator pemeringat awal (early warning
indicator) untuk memberi pertanda adanya
gangguan sebelum indikator lain terpengaruh.
25
26. Early warning indicator
1.anticipatory: should occur at levels of organisation, either
biological or physical, that provide an indication of
degradation, or some form of adverse effect, before important
‘serious’ environmental harm has occurred
2 sensitive: in detecting potential important impacts prior to
them occurring, an early warning indicator should be sensitive
to low levels, or early stages of exposure to the stressor
3 diagnostic: should be sufficiently specific to a stressor, or
group of stressors, to increase confidence in identifying the
cause of an effect
4 broadly applicable: alternatively, an early warning indicator
should predict potential impacts from a broad range of
stressors
5 correlated to actual environmental effects: knowledge that
continued exposure to the stressor, and hence continued
manifestation of the response, would eventually lead to
important environmental effects is important