Diatoms can serve as bioindicators of water quality. There are several types of diatoms that may be good bioindicators, including Pinnularia, Diatoma vulgare, Gyrosigma, Eunotia, Nitzschia palea, Synedra ulna, Cymbella tumida, Gomphonema, and Cyclotella. Diatoms can indicate pH levels and salinity. They can serve as early warning indicators by detecting stressors at low levels before serious environmental harm occurs. Good early warning bioindicators are sensitive, diagnostic of specific stressors, broadly applicable, and correlated to actual environmental effects.

1. DIATOM SEBAGAI BIOINDIKATOR
KUALITAS PERAIRAN
Riche Hariyati

2. CHARACTERISTICS:..
• Striae : silica ornamented
• Asexual reproduction : Mitosis of unicells
• Sexual reproduction : auxospore
• Recognized by : “Glassy” cell walls with precise pores and
sculpturing
Diploneis Navicula Epithemia

3. CELL STRUCTURE

4. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

5. Forming of auxospore:…
 Forming of 2 auxospores by conjugation of 2
cell/individual (isogamete or an isogamete)
Gomphonema parvulum (isogamet), Cymbella
lanceolata (an isogamete)
 Single auxospore forming by conjugation of 2 individual
Cocconeis pediculus, Surirella taxonica
 Single auxospore forming from one individual by
pedogami
 Auxospore forming by oogami
Rhabdonema adriaticum
 Auxospore forming by autogami
Amphora normani

7. Diatom Araphid (Centrophycidae) dengan
simetri radial, tanpa raphe
Cyclotella Stephsnodiscus Coscinodiscus
Thallasiosira Aulacoseira Melosira
Chaetoceros
Rhizosolenia

8. Forces and moments
acting on the diatom chain
Crawford R.M. and Gebeshuber I.C. (2006)
“Harmony of beauty and expediency", Science First
Hand 5(10), pp. 30-34.

9. Araphid diatoms: …
Asterionella formosa Diatoma vulgare

10. Fragillaria
Meridion circulare
Synedra ulna
Tabellaria flocculosa
Araphid diatoms: …

11. Monoraphid diatoms:…
Acnanthes
Cocconeis pediculus
Eunotia

12. Biraphid - naviculoid diatoms:…
Caloneis lewisii
Frustulia

13. Pinnularia viridis
Stauronesis anceps
Stauronesis smithii
Diploneis
Biraphid - naviculoid diatoms:…

14. Asymmetrical naviculoid diatoms:…
Cymbella tumida
Gomphonema
Gyrosigma attenuatum
Amphora
Rhoicosphenia

15. Keeled raphid diatoms:…
Cymatopleura solea
Nitzschia
Surirella robusta
Enthomoneis ornata
Hantzschia amphioxys
Bacillaria

16. Canalled raphid diatoms:…
Epithemia
Rhopalodia gibba

17. FOSIL DIATOM (DIATOMIT)
 filter
 Absorbent
 Building material, constructional brick & block
 Polish
 adulterant
 Catalitic chemical process
 Stabilize nitroglycerine in dynamite
 Insulation heat & fire furnace
 Prevent caking of fertilizers
 Clarification & filtration beer, wine & sugar

18. DIATOMS THAT MAY PROMOTE AS
BIOINDICATOR
Pinnularia Diatoma vulgare Gyrosigma Eunotia Nitzschia palea
Synedra ulna

19. Cymbella tumida Gomphonema Cyclotella
Melosira Fragillaria
Navicula
DIATOMS THAT MAY PROMOTE AS BIOINDICATOR

20. Types of diatoms based on pH :
• Alkalibiontic : 7- 11
Diatoma vulgare, Ephitemia, Melosira meniliformis,
Rhopaloidea gibba
• Alkaliphilous : > 7
Fragilaria inflata, Cocconeis pediculus, Navicula
restellata
• Acidophilous : < 4,
Eunotia paludosa, Eunotia veneris
• Acidobiontic : 4 – 7
Pinnularia subcapitata, Eunotia exigua

21. Types of diatoms based on salinity :
• Polyhalobous : > 30
Navicula abrupta, Odontella arhombus, Paralia sulcata
• Mesohalobous : 0.2 – 30
Navicula gracis, Coscinodiscus lacustris, Melosira jurgensii
• Oligohalobous : 0 – 0.2
Synedra ulna, Fragilaria, Diatomae elongatum, melosira
varians

24. BIOINDIKATOR adalah organisme, baik spesies
maupun kelompok spesies) yang dapat memberikan
informasi lokasi, kondisi tertentu maupun kualitas
lingkungan
- kaktus, pohon kelapa
- migrasi hewan, flamboyan berbunga, burung gagak
- ikan, daun menguning
YANG KEMUDIAN BERKEMBANG PESAT ADALAH
BIOINDIKATOR KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

25. BIOINDICATOR
(Cairn et al., 1993 dalam Jamil, 2001 )
1. indikator pemenuhan (compliance indicator) yang
didesain untuk mengetahui restorasi kualitas
ketercapaian;
2. indikator diagnostik (diagnostic indicator) untuk
investigasi penyebab gangguan); dan
3. indikator pemeringat awal (early warning
indicator) untuk memberi pertanda adanya
gangguan sebelum indikator lain terpengaruh.
25

26. Early warning indicator
1.anticipatory: should occur at levels of organisation, either
biological or physical, that provide an indication of
degradation, or some form of adverse effect, before important
‘serious’ environmental harm has occurred
2 sensitive: in detecting potential important impacts prior to
them occurring, an early warning indicator should be sensitive
to low levels, or early stages of exposure to the stressor
3 diagnostic: should be sufficiently specific to a stressor, or
group of stressors, to increase confidence in identifying the
cause of an effect
4 broadly applicable: alternatively, an early warning indicator
should predict potential impacts from a broad range of
stressors
5 correlated to actual environmental effects: knowledge that
continued exposure to the stressor, and hence continued
manifestation of the response, would eventually lead to
important environmental effects is important