factors that influence the stability and mobility of the Hip joint

2. Factors that influence the
stability and mobility of the Hip
joint

4. Factors that influence the mobility
of the hip joint

5. Gluteus Maximus:
The gluteus maximus is the largest of the gluteal muscles. It is the main extensor
muscle of the hip. It is also the most superficial, producing the shape of the
buttocks.
Origin:
Originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx. It slopes
across the buttock at a 45-degree angle.
Insertion:
It inserts into the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.
Function:
The gluteus maximus is the main extensor of the thigh, and assists with lateral
rotation.
Nerve Supply:
Inferior gluteal nerve.

7. Gluteus Minimus:
The gluteus minimus, the shortest of the three gluteal muscles, is located
immediately beneath the gluteus medius.The gluteus minimus is the deepest of
the superficial gluteal muscles. It is similar in shape and function to the gluteus
medius.
Origin:
Originates from the ilium and converges to form a tendon.
Insertion:
Inserting to the anterior side of the greater trochanter.
Function:
Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb. While locomotion, it secures the
pelvis, limiting the pelvic drop of the opposite limb.
Nerve Supply:
Superior gluteal nerve.

9. Gluteus Medius:
 The gluteus medius muscle is fan-shaped and lies within to the gluteus
maximus and the minimus. It is similar in shape and function to the gluteus
minimus. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-
thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis that separates it from the superficial fascia
and integument.
Origin:
 Originates from the gluteal surface of the ilium.
Insertion:
 Inserts into the lateral surface of the greater trochanter.
Function:
 Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb. During locomotion, it secures the
pelvis, limiting the pelvic drop of the opposite limb (the posterior fibers of the
gluteus medius are further produced a little amount of lateral rotation).
Nerve Supply:
 Superior gluteal nerve.

11. Tensor Fasciae Lata:
 The tensor fasciae lata(TFL) is a small superficial muscle of the thigh which lies
towards the anterior edge of the iliac crest.
Origin:
 Originates from the anterior iliac crest, connecting to the anterior superior iliac
spine (ASIS).
Insertion:
 It inserts into the iliotibial tract, which itself connects to the lateral condyle of
the tibia.
Function:
 Assists the gluteus medius and minimus in the abduction and medial rotation
of the lower limb. It also performs a supportive role in the gait cycle.
Nerve Supply:
 Superior gluteal nerve.

13. Quadratus Femoris:
 The quadratus femoris is a flat, square-shaped muscle. Located on the
posterior side of the hip joint. It is the most inferior of the deep gluteal muscles,
located below the Gemelli and obturator internus.It is a strong external rotator
and adductor of the hip joint but also acts to stabilize the femoral head in the
Acetabulum.
Origin:
 It originates from the lateral side of the ischial tuberosity.
Insertion:
 Attaches to the quadrate tuberosity on the intertrochanteric crest.
Function:
 Lateral rotation of the hip and assists with adduction of the hip.
Nerve Supply:
 Nerve to quadratus femoris.

15. Rectus Femoris Muscle
The rectus femoris muscle is the only one that crosses the hip joint and therefore
is related to tight hip flexors.The rectus femoris is one of four quadriceps femoris
muscles.
Origin-
originates from the ilium, just superior to the acetabulum. It runs straight down
the leg
Insertion-
attaches to the patella by the quadriceps femoris tendon.
Function:
This is the only muscle that crosses both the hip and knee joints. It flexes hip
joint and extends the knee joint.
Nerve Supply:
Femoral nerve.

17. Vastus Lateralis Muscle
 Vastus lateralis is the largest of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
Origin-
 Originates from the greater trochanter and the lateral lip of linea aspera.
Insertion-
 Lateral quadriceps femoris tendon to patella, via ligamentum patellae into the
tubercle of tibia
Function:
 Extends the knee joint and stabilizes the patella.
Nerve Supply:
 Femoral nerve

19. Vastus intermedius Muscle
 The vastus intermedius forms the deep part of the quadriceps femoris tendon.
Origin-
 Anterior and lateral aspects of the upper two-thirds of the femoral shaft and the
lower part of the lateral intermuscular septum of the femur.
Insertion-
 Into the quadriceps tendon along with rectus femoris and the other vasti
muscles, enveloping with the patella, then by the patellar ligament into the tibial
tuberosity.
Function:
 Extends the knee joint and stabilizes the patella.
Nerve Supply:
Femoral nerve.

21. Vastus Medialis Muscle
 The vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps muscle group. Vastus medialis is
an extensor muscle located medially in the thigh that extends the knee.
Origin-
 Originates from Inferior portion of intertrochanteric line, spiral line, medial lip of
the linea aspera, superior part of the medial supracondylar ridge of the femur,
and the medial intermuscular septum
Insertion-
 Medial base and border of the patella; also forms medial patellar retinaculum
and medial side of the quadriceps femoris tendon
Function:
 Extends knee joint and stabilizes the patella.
Nerve Supply:
 Femoral nerve.

23. Sartorius muscle:
 The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the body. The sartorius muscle is
positioned more superficially than the other in the leg muscles.
Origin-
 originates from the anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion-
 attaches to the superior, medial surface of the tibia.
Function of the Sartorious
 It acts on flexion, abduction and lateral rotation at the hip joint, At the knee, it is
also a flexor.
Nerve Supply of the Sartorious
 Femoral nerve.

25. 
Iliopsoas muscle:
The iliopsoas muscle is actually two muscles, the psoas major and
the iliacus muscle. They originate in different areas, but come
together to form a tendon, and commonly referred to as one muscle.
Origin:
 The psoas major originates from lumbar vertebrae, and the iliacus originates
from iliac fossa of the pelvis.
Insertion-
They inserts together onto the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Function of the iliopsoas:
The iliopsoas muscle flexes the lower limb at the hip joint and assists lateral
rotation at the hip joint.
Nerve Supply of the iliopsoas:
The psoas major muscle is innervated by anterior rami of L1-3, and the iliacus is
innervated by femoral nerve

27. Adductor Longus:
 The adductor longus muscle is a large, flat. The adductor longus partially
covers the adductor beeves and Magnus. The muscle forms the medial border
of the femoral triangle.
Origin-
 originates from the pubis, and expands into a fan shape
Insertion-
 attaching broadly to the linea aspera of the femur
Function of the Adductor Longus:
 Adduction and medial rotation of the thigh.
Nerve Supply of the Adductor Longus:
 Obturator nerve (L2-L4).

28. Adductor Magnus:
 The Adductor Magnus’ muscle is the largest muscle in the medial compartment
of the thigh. It lies posteriorly to the other muscles.The muscle divided into two
parts; Adductor part –
Origin-
 Originates from the inferior rami of the pubis and the rami of ischium
Insertion-
 attaching to the linea aspera of the femur.
Function Adductor Magnus:
 They are both adduct the thigh. The adductor component also flexes thigh, with
the hamstring portion extending thigh.
Nerve Supply of the Adductor Magnus:
 Adductor part innervated by the obturator nerve (L2-L4).

29. Adductor Brevis:
 The adductor brevis muscle is a short, lying underneath the adductor longus.
The adductor brevis lies in between the anterior and posterior divisions of the
obturator nerve.
Origin-
originates from the body of pubis and inferior pubic rami
Insertion-
It attaches to the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the femur, that proximal
to the adductor longus.
Function of the Adductor Brevis
 Adduction of the thigh.
Nerve Supply of the Adductor Brevis
 Obturator nerve (L2-L4)

31. Biceps Femoris:
 The biceps femoris muscle has two heads – a long head and a short head.
Biceps Femoris is the most lateral of the muscles in the posterior thigh – the
common tendon can be felt laterally at the posterior knee.
Origin-
 The long head originates from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis. The short
head originates from the linea aspera on posterior surface of the femur
Insertion-
 the heads from a tendon, which inserts into the head of the fibula.
Function of the Biceps Femoris:
 The Main action is flexion at the knee. It also extends the leg at the hip and
laterally rotates at the hip and knee.
Nerve Supply of the Biceps Femoris:
 Long head innervated by tibial part of the sciatic nerve, and the short head is
innervated by common fibular part of the sciatic nerve

33. Semitendinosus:
 The semitendinosus is a largely tendinous muscle in the thigh. The
semitendinosus muscle lies medially to the biceps femoris and covers the
majority of the semimembranosus.
Origin-
 It originates from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis
Insertion-
 attaches to the medial surface of the tibia.
Function of the Semitendinosus
 Flexion of the knee joint. Extension of the thigh at the hip joint.
Medially rotates the thigh at hip joint, and the leg at the knee joint.
Nerve Supply of the Semitendinosus
 Tibial part of the sciatic nerve.

35. Semimembranosus:
The semimembranosus is flattened and broad muscle. It is located underneath the
semitendinosus.
Origin-
It originates from ischial tuberosity
Insertion-
It attaches to the medial tibial condyle.
Function of the Semimembranosus:
Flexion the knee joint. Extension of thigh at the hip joint. Medially rotates the
thigh at the hip joint and the leg at the knee joint.
Nerve Supply of the Semimembranosus:
Tibial part of the sciatic nerve.

37. Factors that influence the
stability of the hip joint

38. Hip Joint
Hip joint is technically known as
acetabulofemoral joint (occurs between
acetabulum and femur). It is a synovial ball
and socket joint that occurs between head
of femur and acetabulum of hip bone.

40. Articular Surfaces of Hip Joint:
 As stated above, hip joint is formed between head of femur and
acetabulum of hip bone. The femoral head is spherical while the
acetabulum is cup shaped. Thus the articular surfaces are
reciprocally curved. The acetabular articular surface is horse-shoe
shaped. It is incomplete inferiorly and the region is known as
acetabular notch. The deep part of the acetabulum that doesn’t take
part in articulation is known as acetabular fossa. It is devoid of
articular cartilage but contains fibroelastic fat largely covered by
synovial membrane.

42. joint capsule
Definition :
a ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity
of a freely movable joint, is attached to the bones,
completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an
outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial
membrane

45. Ligaments of hip joint:
 Hip joint consists of five major ligaments as described below.
1: Iliofemoral ligament:
 It is like an inverted “Y” in shape and is very strong. It lies towards the anterior
side and is somewhat blended with the capsule of hip joint. The base of the
inverted “Y” is attached to anterior inferior iliac spine. The two limbs of the
inverted “Y” are attached to the upper and lower parts of intertrochanteric line
of femur.
Role:
 It prevents overextension during standing.

47. 2:Pubofemoral ligament:
 It is triangular in shape with its base attached to the
superior ramus of the pubis. The apex is attached
below to the lower part of the intertrochanteric line.
Role:
 It limits extension and abduction.

49. 3: Ischiofemoral ligament:
 It is spiral shaped and is attached to the body of ischium
near the acetabular margin. The fibers of this ligament pass
upward and laterally and are attached to the greater
trochanter of femur.
Role: It limits extension.

51. 4: Transverse acetabular ligament:
It is formed by the acetabular
labrum as it bridges the
Acetabular notch. Thus the notch is
converted into a tunnel through
which blood vessels and nerves
enter the hip joint.

52. 5: Ligamentum Teres (Ligament of head of femur):
 It is flat and triangular in form and is attached through its
apex to the fovea capitis (pit in the head of femur).. The
base of this ligament is attached to the transverse
acetabular ligament and margins of acetabular notch. This
ligament lies within the joint and is ensheathed by synovial
membrane.
Role: It limits adduction and provides a pathway for blood
vessels to enter the head of femur.