BAsic for students

1. PROCESSING OF
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
PRESENTED BY :
HAFSA SARA ZUBAIR
BDS.

2. OBJECTIVES:
• WHAT ARE RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS
• TYPES OF FILMS
• INTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
COMPOSITION
• PROCESSING
• TYPES OF PROCESSING

3. WHAT ARE RADIOGRAPHIC
FILMS…???
• The media on which radiographic images of
objects are recorded.
• Images are stored as an unseen (latent)
image that will be changed to a seen image
by processing the film.

4. TYPES OF
X-RAY
FILMS
INTRA
ORAL
EXTRA
ORAL

5. - INTRA
ORAL
FILMS
PERIAPICAL BITEWING OCCLUSAL

6. EXTRA ORAL FILMS
PANORAMIC
X-RAYS
Cephalometric
projections
SialographyTOMOGRAMS
Computed
tomography,

7. INTRA ORAL X-RAY FILM COMPOSITION
FILM PACKET
OUTER PLASTIC WRAPPER
BLACK PAPER WRAPPER
LEAD FOIL

8. PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHIC
FILM

9. • DEVELOPER:
• The action of developing solution is to convert the exposed silver
halide grains to metallic silver.
COMPOSITION:
DEVELOPING
AGENTS
(elol, metol and
Hydroquinone)
ACCELERATOR
(sodium
carbonate, sodium
hydroxide,
potassium
carbonate and
potassium
hydroxide)
• These are capable of converting silver halide
into metallic silver.
• The ideal Ph of developing solution is 10 –
11.5.
• The developing solution contains an alkali or
accelerator.

10. RESTRAINER
(potassium
bromide)
PRESERVATIVES
Sodium sulphite
and potassium
sulphite)
SOLVENT
• The function of restrainer is to prevent the
action of developer on the unexposed silver
halide grain and thus to prevent film fog.
• Prevent oxidation of developing solution.
• Water is used as solvent.

11. •DEVELOPING REPLENISHER
• The replenisher has the same composition as that of
developing solution.
BUT
• The developer replenisher is more alkaline and does
not contain restraining bromide.

12. FIXER
• The action of fixing solution is to remove the unexposed silver
halide crystals.
COMPOSITION:
FIXING AGENT
(sodium
thiosulphate)
ACIDIFIER
(acetic acid)
• Fixing agent react with silver halide to
form a soluble compound without any
effect on metallic silver image.
• It neutralizes any alkali of developing
solution which is still adherent to the film.

13. TYPES OF PROCESSING
1. MANUAL PROCESSING
A. VISUAL METHOD
B. TIME-TEMPERATURE METHOD
2. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

14. MANUAL PROCESSING
VISUAL METHOD
PERIODICALLY VIEWED UNDER THE SAFELIGHT FOR THE
EMERGENCE OF CLEAR IMAGE.
IMMERSED IN DEVELOPING SOLUTION
CARRIED OUT IN A DARKROOM WITH A SAFELIGHTENING
CONDITION
WHEN THE IMAGE APPEARS THE FILM IS WASHED AND
IMMERSED IN FIXING SOLUTION.

15. MANUAL FILM PROCESSOR

16. TIME- TEMPERATURE METHOD:
EFFECTIVE STANDARIZATION MAY BE ACHEIEVD WITHOUT ANY
AUTOMATIC AID.
FILM IS IMMERESED IN A DEVELOPER KEPT AT A CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE FOR A FIXED DURATION OF TIME.
TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT TIME
65 F 6 MINUTES
68 F 5 MINUTES
70 F 4 MINUTES
72 F 4 MINUTES
76 F 3 MINUTES
TIME- TEMPERATURE CHART

17. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING:
THE EXPOSED FILM IS FED AT ONE END AND IT PASSES THROUGH THE
DEVELOPER , FIXER , WATER AND DRIER.
THE STEP OF RINCING IN WATER AFTER DEVELOPING IS AVOIDED.
AS THE ROLLER SYSTEM HAS THE SQUEEZING ACTION , THE DEVELOPING
SOLUTION ABSORBED BY THE GELATIN OF THE EMULSION WILL BE LESS
AS IT IS TRANSPORTED FROM THE DEVELOPER TO THE FIXER.
THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SYSTEM IS MAINTAINED
THE FILMS COMES OUT THROUGH THE OTHER END OF THE PROCESSOR ,
PROCESSED, DRY, AND READY FOR VIEWING.

18. AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

19. REFRENCES:
• ESSENTIAL OF DENTAL
RADIOLOGY BY JOHN, PRAMOD
JOHN R.
• GOOGLE