hafis puzhakakl cusat

1. DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER SCIENCE AND RUBBER
TECHNOLOGY
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT
PE 1602 CHARACTERISATION
AND TESTING METHODS
Submitted by,
Hafis P
S6, PS & E
CUSAT

2. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
ASTM International is an international standards organization that
develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials,
products, systems, and services. ASTM, founded in 1898 as the American Society of the
International Association for Testing and Materials. ASTM International is a globally
recognized leader in the development and delivery of voluntary consensus standards. This
time over 12,000 ASTM standards are used around the world to improve product quality,
enhance health and safety, strengthen market access and trade, and build consumer
confidence. ASTM leadership in international standards development is driven by the
contributions of ASTM members: more than 30,000 of the world’s top technical experts and
business professionals representing 140 countries. Working in an open and transparent
process and using ASTM’s advanced IT infrastructure, ASTM members create the test
methods, specifications, classifications, guides and practices that support industries and
governments worldwide. ASTM International standards are the tools of customer satisfaction
and competiveness for companies across a wide range of markets. Through more than 140
technical standards-writing committees, ASTM serve a broad range of industries: metals,
construction, petroleum, consumer products and many more. When new industries — like
nanotechnology, additive manufacturing and industrial biotechnology — look to advance the
growth of cutting-edge technologies through standardization, many of them come to ASTM
International
ASTM standards are used by individuals, companies and other
institutions around the world. Purchasers and sellers incorporate standards into contracts;
scientists and engineers use them in their laboratories and offices; architects and designers
use them in their plans; government agencies around the world reference them in codes,
regulations and laws; and many others refer to them for guidance.
ASTM standards are voluntary in that we do not mandate their use.
However, government regulators often give voluntary standards the force of law by citing
them in laws, regulations and codes. In the United States, the relationship between private-
sector standards developers and the public sector was strengthened with the 1995 passage of
the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (Public Law 104-113). The law
requires that government agencies use privately developed standards whenever possible,
saving taxpayers millions of dollars by simplifying formerly duplicative standards
development efforts.

3. ASTM - AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
STARTED - 1898
FOUNDER - CHARLES BENJAMIN DUDLEY
PLACE - WEST CONSHOHOCKEN, PENNSYLVANIA , USA
PRESIDENT - JAMES THOMES
EXAMPLES
 ASTM D31822-Standard procedure for mixing of the compound
 ASTM D 3182-Standard procedure for moulding of the test sheet/sample
 ASTM D 3183-Procedure for cutting of the test sample from the test sheet
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
Standardization is sine-qua-non for development of the national economy
all over the world. The goals of quality are set by standardization. Generally the activity
consists of the process of formulating, issuing and implementing standards. Standards have
always been closely connected with exchange of goods and services between suppliers and
consumers. Bureau of Indian Standards has provided traceable and tangible benefits to
economy in a number of ways - providing safe, reliable, quality goods; minimizing health
hazards to consumers; promote exports and imports substitute; control over proliferation of
varieties etc.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the National Standards Body has been
successfully promoting and nurturing standards movement within the country since
1947. BIS came into existence on 01 April 1987 through an Act of Parliament dated 26
November 1986. It took over the staff, assets, liabilities and functions of the erstwhile Indian
Standards Institution (ISI) with an enlarged scope and enhanced powers for harmonious
development of activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Keeping in view, the interest of
consumers as well as the industry, BIS is involved in various activities as given below:-

4. a. Standards Formulation
b. Certification : Product, Hallmarking and Systems
c. Foreign Manufacturers Scheme
d. Registration Scheme
e. Testing & Calibration Services
f. Sale of Indian Standards and other publications
g. International Activities
h. I-Care Activities (for consumer and industry)
i. Promotional Activities
j. Training Services
k. Information services
l. Financial: Resources - Mobilization and utilization
m. Trade Facilitation Cell
n. Library Services
BIS has its Headquarters at New Delhi and its 05 Regional Offices
(ROs) are at Kolkata (Eastern), Chennai (Southern), Mumbai (Western), Chandigarh
(Northern) and Delhi (Central). Under the Regional Offices are the Branch Offices (BOs)
located at Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Bhopal, Coimbatore, Dehradun, Faridabad,
Ghaziabad, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kochi, Lucknow, Nagpur, Parwanoo, Patna, Pune,
Rajkot, Raipur, Durgapur, Jamshedpur and Vishakhapatnam, which offer certification
services to the industry and serve as effective link between State Governments, industries,
technical institutions, consumer organizations etc. of the respective region.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the National Standards Body of India is a statutory
organization under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986.
Vision
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the National Standards Body of India,
resolves to be the leader in all matters concerning Standardization, Certification and Quality.
In order to attain this, the Bureau would strive:
· To provide efficient timely service.
· To satisfy the customers’ needs for quality of goods and services.
· To work and act in such a way that each task performed as individuals or as
a corporate entity, leads to excellence and enhances the credibility and image
of the Organization.
Mission
We dedicate ourselves to achieve excellence for effective and timely
implementation of the objectives laid down in the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, and
providing prompt and efficient services to all stakeholders.

5. Policy
BIS is determined to carry out its activities in close cooperation with all
concerned organizations and by adopting appropriate management systems, motivating and
ensuring active participation of all the employees.
Objectives
 Harmonious development of standardization, marking and quality certification
 To provide new thrust to standardization and quality control
 To evolve a national strategy for according recognition to standards and integrating
them with growth and development of production and exports
Standards Formulation
The biggest challenge before BIS, as an apex body of formulating standards, is to
be seen as a centre of excellence in bringing about qualitative changes in its functioning and
relationship with different stakeholders. BIS with more than 500 qualified technical and
scientific personnel and more than 25000 experts voluntarily associated with standardization
activity, has made a very significant and valuable contribution to the orderly growth of the
country’s economy. BIS has so far formulated over 19000 standards in various technology
areas, which help the industry in upgrading the quality of their goods and services.
The changing scenario of globalization has necessitated the formulation and implementation
of new standards, interaction with the industrial houses and service operators and generation
of awareness amongst the consumers.
As a policy, the standards formulation activity of BIS has been harmonized with the relevant
guidelines as laid down by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). BIS,
being a signatory to the ‘Code of Good Practice for the preparation, adoption and application
of standards’ has also accordingly aligned its standards formulation procedure.
For better control on standards formulation process and for the overall management of technical
committee work, a Standards Management Board at the apex level is proposed to be constituted
to oversee the activity.
A Roadmap has been prepared for Harmonization of Indian Standards with Agmark.
A system of concurrent running of two Indian Standards at a time has been introduced.
Multiple Grades are being specified in Indian Standards to give better choice to consumers and
also provide an opportunity to manufacturers to scale up quality and enhance exports.
Product certification
The BIS product Certification Scheme is one of the largest in the world, with over
26500 licensees covering more than 900 products. It is in existence for more than 58 years. It
allows the licensees to use the popular ISI mark on their product, which is synonymous with
quality products. 90 products are under mandatory certification. BIS also operates Foreign
Manufacturers Certification Scheme under which overseas manufacturers can be granted
licence to use the BIS Standard Mark. At present, over 350 licenses have been granted for over
50 Indian Standards in 40 different countries.

6. Other Initiatives
An I-Care Programme has been launched at national level for effectively
engaging with all stakeholders especially consumers, industry and market. I-Care Programme
also aims at enhancing interaction with industries to solve their problem and encourage them
to come forward to take licence from BIS.
A Scheme for Recognition of Consumer Organizations has been launched
which will work on behalf of BIS for consumer protection/awareness. A Scheme for Testing
of Public Samples has been introduced whereby common consumer can get the ISI Mark
product tested by BIS to reconfirm the quality of ISI marked product. A Trade Facilitation Cell
is proposed to be created in BIS. The procedure for Grant of Licence has been made simple
and fast and brand wise grant of licence has been introduced.
Certification Schemes based on categorization of products in terms of risk to
health; safety; environment; products from small scale to large scale industry; maturity of
industry as a whole for the product etc. have been introduced. Registration Scheme for 15
Electronics and IT products as notified by the Department of Electronics and IT has been
introduced and over 700 manufacturers have been granted registration in India and abroad.
Tatkal Scheme for fast and easy grant of license from BIS has been introduced for products
under mandatory certification.
Categorization of licences into three categories namely, Star license, Normal
license and Marginal license has been introduced whereby licensees are rated on the basis of
their performance and less number of surveillance inspections is carried out on Star and Normal
licenses as compared to marginal licences. The license fee for small jewellers has been
rationalized based on the location of the jeweller and the procedure for grant of licence has
been simplified to encourage more jewellers to take licence from BIS.

7. BIS - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
STARTED - 23 DECEMBER 1986
DIRECTOR - ALAKA PANDE
OFFICE - NEW DELHI
PRESIDENT - RAM VILAS PASWAN
ISI - INDIAN STANDARD INSTITUTION
STANDARDS
CHD 9 - CERAMICWEAR
CHD 19 - FOOTWEAR
CHD 20 - PAINTS, VARNISHES
TXD 9 - WOOL AND WOOL PRODUCT
TXD 31 - COIR AND COIR PRODUCT
BIS 916 - GOLD

8. International Standard Organisation (ISO)
ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization
with a membership of 162 national standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together
experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based, market relevant
International Standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.
International Standards make things work. They give world-class specifications for products,
services and systems, to ensure quality, safety and efficiency. They are instrumental in
facilitating international trade.
ISO has published more than 19000 International Standards and related
documents, covering almost every industry, from technology, to food safety, to agriculture
and healthcare. ISO International Standards impact everyone, everywhere. The ISO story
began in 1946 when delegates from 25 countries met at the Institute of Civil Engineers in
London and decided to create a new international organization ‘to facilitate the international
coordination and unification of industrial standards’. In February 1947 the new organization,
ISO, officially began operations
ISO - INTERNATIONAL STANDERD ASSOCIATION
STARTED - 23 FEBRUARY 1947
OFFICE - GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
PRESIDENT - ZHANG XIOAGANG
PARTNERS - IEC
- ITU
- WSC
- WTO

9. STANDARDS
 ISO 2115:1996
Plastics -- Polymer dispersions -- Determination of white point temperature and
minimum film-forming temperature.
 ISO 4576:1996
Plastics -- Polymer dispersions -- Determination of sieve residue
 ISO 1147:1995
Plastics/rubber -- Polymer dispersions and synthetic rubber lattices
 ISO 7270-1:2003
Rubber -- Analysis by pyro lytic gas-chromatographic methods
REFERENCES
 Wikipedia
 Astm.org
 Iso.org
 Bis.org