This document provides an overview of infection control and standard safety measures. It defines infectious disease and infection control, and classifies infections as community acquired or nosocomial. The main modes of transmission are described as contact, airborne, droplet, vector-borne, and common vehicle. Key aspects of an infection control program are discussed, including surveillance, education and training, and prevention strategies for both healthcare workers and patients. Environmental management, cleaning/disinfection/sterilization procedures, and healthcare-associated infection prevention are also summarized.

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3. INFECTION CONTROL &
standard safety measures
PRESENTEDBY,
p.v. greeshma
2nd m.sc. Nursing

4. DEFINITION
• Infectious
disease: Infectious
disease is any
disease caused by
the growth of
pathogens in the
body.
4

5. • Infection control:
Measures practiced by health
care personnel to prevent
spread, transmission and
acquisition of infection
between clients, from health
care providers to clients and
from clients to health care
providers.
5

6. CLASSIFICATIONOF INFECTION
Community acquired infection:
Patient may acquire infection before
admission to the hospital.
6

7. • Nosocomial infection comes from
Greek words “nosus” meaning
disease and “ komeion” meaning to
take care of
• Also called as HOSPITAL ACQUIRED
INFECTION
7

8. Infections are considered
nosocomial if they first appear
48hrs or more after hospital
admission or within 30 days after
discharge.
8

9. • It includes infections
–not present nor incubating at
admission
–infections that appear more than 48
hours after admission
–those acquired in the hospital but
appear after discharge
–occupational infections among staff
9

10. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
There are five main modes of
transmission
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Contact
Air borne
Droplet
Vector
borne
Common
vehicle

12. DROPLET TRANSMISSION
Droplet generated by sneezing
Coughing or respiratory tract procedures
like Bronchoscopy or suction
12

13. VECTOR TRANSMISSION
Transmitted through insects and
Other invertebrates animals
such as mosquitoes and fleas.
13

14. AIR BORNE TRANSMISSION
Tiny droplet nuclei that remain (<5)
suspended in air.
14

15. COMMON VEHICLE
TRANSMISSION
Transmitted indirectly by materials
contaminated with the infections.
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16. CONTACT TRANSMISSION
Most important and frequent mode of
transmission of nosocomial
infections, is divided into two
subgroups:
• Direct-contact transmission
• Indirect-contact transmission.
16

17. Direct-contact transmission
Involves a direct body surface-to-
body surface contact and physical
transfer of microorganisms
between a susceptible host and an
infected or colonized person, such
as occurs when a person turns a
patient, gives a patient a bath
17

18. Indirect-contact transmission
Involves contact of a susceptible
host with a contaminated
intermediate object, usually
inanimate, such as contaminated
instruments, needles, or dressings,
or contaminated gloves that are not
changed between patients
18

19. Chain of infection
19

20. Breaking the chain of infection
• Breaking at least one link
stops the spread of infectious
disease
1. The infectious agent
–early recognition of signs
of infection
–Rapid, accurate
identification of organisms
20

21. 2. Reservoir host
•Medical asepsis
•Standard precautions
•Good employee health
•Environmental sanitation
•Disinfectant/sterilization
21

22. 3. Portal of exit from the host
–Medical asepsis
–Personal protective equipment
–handwashing
–Control of excretions and
secretions
–waste disposal
–Standard precautions
22

23. 4. Route of transmission
–Standard precautions
–Hand washing
–Sterilization
–Medical asepsis
–Air flow control
–Food handling
–Transmission-based precautions
23

24. 5. Portal of entry
– Wound care
– Catheter care
– Medical asepsis
– Standard precautions
6. Susceptible Host
– Treating underlying diseases
– Recognizing high-risk
patients
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25. Defense Mechanisms
25

26. Body’s natural defenses to eliminate/kill pathogens
• Cilia - in respiratory tract, catch
and move pathogens out of the
body
• Coughing/sneezing, to propel
pathogens outward
• Tears - contain chemicals to kill
bacteria
• Hydrochloric acid in stomach
• Rise in body temperature (fever)
• Leukocyte (white blood cell)
production increases, to destroy
pathogens
26

27. OBJECTIVES OF INFECTION CONTROL
27

28. PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION CONTROL
•
28

29. Use
and
care of
urinary
catheter
s
Use
and
care of
vascula
r
access
lines
Therap
y and
support
of
pulmon
ary
functio
ns
Surveill
ance of
surgical
procedu
res
Hand
hygiene
and
standar
d
précauti
ons
29

30. INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME
30

31. Components
–Basic measures for infection control, i.e.
standard and additional precautions.
–Education and training of health care
workers
–Protection of health care workers, e.g.
immunization
–Identification of hazards and minimizing
risks
31

32. –Routine practices essential to infection
control such as aseptic techniques, use of
single use devices, reprocessing of
instruments and equipment, antibiotic
usage, management of blood/body fluid
exposure, handling and use of blood and
blood products, sound management of
medical waste.
32

33. • Effective work practices and procedures, such as
environmental management practices including
management of hospital/clinical waste, support
services (e.g., food, linen), use of therapeutic
devices;
• Surveillance
• Incident monitoring
• Outbreak investigation
• Infection control in specific situations
• Research.
33

34. Organization of an infection control programme
34

35. PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR INFECTION CONTROL
IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
• standard precautions
• additional (transmission-based)
precautions.
35

36. Standard precautions
Treating all patients in the health care facility
with the same basic level of “standard”
precautions involves work practices that are
essential to provide a high level of protection
to patients, health care workers and visitors.
36

37. Hand washing and Antisepsis
(hand hygiene)
37

38. Hands should be washed:
38

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41. Use of personal protective equipment
41

42. Personalprotectiveequipment includes
42

43. Indications
43

44. Principlesfor useof personalprotective
equipment
44

45. Gloves
45

46. Masks
• .
46

47. Protectiveeyewear/goggles/visors/
faceshield
47

48. Gownsandplastic aprons
48

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51. Caps and boots/shoe covers
51

52. Patient care equipment
52

53. Prevention of needle stick/sharps injuries
53

54. Do not Recap Needles
A threat to LIFE
54

55. Management of health-care waste
55

56. Additional(transmission-based)precautions
56

57. Airborneprecautions
57

58. Droplet transmission
58

59. Contact precautions
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60. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
According to bio medical
waste rules ,1998 of India“
bio-medical waste” means
any waste which is generated
during the diagnosis, treatment
or immunization of human
beings or animals or in
research activities pertaining
there to or in the production or
testing of bio medicals. 60

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62. Let’s do a task
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WASTE
CATEGORY
TYPE OF WASTE
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL
OPTION
Category No. 1
Human Anatomical Waste
(Human tissues, organs, body
parts)
Incineration / deep
burial*
Category No. 2
Animal Waste
(Animal tissues, organs, body
parts, carcasses, bleeding parts,
fluid, blood and experimental
animals used in research, waste
generated by veterinary
hospitals and colleges, discharge
from hospitals, animal houses)
Incineration / deep
burial*
CATEGORIESOF BIOMEDICAL WASTESCHEDULE – I

64. Category No. 3
Microbiology &
Biotechnology Waste
(Wastes from laboratory
cultures, stocks or
specimen of live micro
organisms or attenuated
vaccines, human and
animal cell cultures used
in research and
infectious agents from
research and industrial
laboratories, wastes
from production of
biologicals, toxins and
devices used for transfer
of cultures)
Local autoclaving/
microwaving /
incineration
64

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Category No.
4
Waste Sharps (Needles,
syringes, scalpels, blades,
glass, etc. that may cause
puncture and cuts. This
includes both used and
unused sharps)
Disinfecting
(chemical
treatment /
autoclaving /
microwaving and
mutilation /
shredding
Category No.
5
Discarded Medicine and
Cytotoxic drugs (Wastes
comprising of outdated,
contaminated and discarded
medicines)
Incineration /
destruction and
drugs disposal in
secured landfills

66. Category No. 6
Soiled Waste (Items
contaminated with
body fluids including
cotton, dressings,
soiled plaster casts,
lines, bedding and
other materials
contaminated with
blood.)
Incineration /
autoclaving /
microwaving
Category No. 7
Solid Waste (Waste
generated from
disposable items other
than the waste sharps
such as tubing,
catheters, intravenous
Disinfecting by
chemical treatment /
autoclaving /
microwaving and
mutilation / shredding66

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Category
No. 8
Liquid Waste (Waste
generated from the
laboratory and washing,
cleaning, house keeping
and disinfecting
activities)
Disinfecting by
chemical
treatment and
discharge into
drains
Category
No. 9
Incineration Ash (Ash
from incineration of any
biomedical waste)
Disposal in
municipal
landfill

68. Category No.10
Chemical Waste
(Chemicals used
in production of
biologicals,
chemicals used
in disinfecting,
as insecticides,
etc.)
Chemical
treatment and
discharge into
drains for
liquids and
secured landfill
for solids.
68

69. Colourcodingsystem
Colour
Coding
Waste
Category
Treatment option as per
Schedule 1
Yellow
(Plastic bag)
Cat. 1, 2. 3, 6 Incineration/deep burial
Blue Cat. 4,7. Autoclaving/Chemical Treatment
/Microwaving and Shredding
Black
(Plastic bag)
Cat. 5, 9 and
10 (solid)
Disposal in secured landfill
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70. Please Remember!
70
The Primary
responsibility
of the disposal
of the Bio-
Medical Waste
lies with the
Generator

71. • Collection storage, labelling, and
recovering of waste
• Liquid & chemical wastes
management
• Discarded medicines & cytotoxic
drugs
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73. CLEANING, DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION
DISINFECTION
Disinfection is a process where most
microbes are removed from defined object or
surface, except spores.
73

74. Classificationof disinfectants
Disinfectants can be classified
according to their ability to destroy
different categories of micro-
organisms.
• High Level disinfectants :
Glutaraldehyde 2%, Ethylene Oxide
• Intermediate Level disinfectant :
Alcohols, chlorine compounds,
hydrogen Peroxide, chlorhexidine,
• Low level disinfectants :
Benzalkonium chloride, some soaps
74

75. Generalguidelinesfor disinfection:
»Critical instruments/equipment (that are
those penetrating skin or mucous membrane)
should undergo sterilization before and after
use. e.g. surgical instruments.
»Semi-critical instruments /equipments (that
are those in contact with intact mucous
membrane without penetration) should
undergo high level disinfection before use
and intermediate level disinfection after use.
e.g. endotracheal tubes.
75

76. » Non-critical instruments
/equipments (that are those in
contact with intact skin and no
contact with mucous membrane)
require only intermediate or low
level disinfection before and after
use. e.g. ECG electrodes.
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77. Prevention of infections in health care workers
77

78. Exposure to hiv
78

79. Exposure to hepatitis b virus
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80. Exposure to hepatitis c
80

81. Sharp injuries
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82. tuberculosis
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83. Meningococcal meningitis
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84. sars
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85. PREVENTION OF HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED
INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS
The four major HCAIs are:
1. Catheter associated Urinary tract infection
(CAUTI)
2. Surgical site Infection (SSI)
3. Catheter related blood stream infection
(CRBSI)
4. Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
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86. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
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87. SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS
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88. Ventilator-AssociatedPneumonia
The most important are patients
on ventilators in ICU.
Recent and progressive
radiological opacities of the
pulmonary parenchyma,
purulent sputum and recent
onsite fever.
Most commonly caused by
acinetobacter.
88

89. Catheter-relatedbloodstreaminfections
• The incidence is increasing particularly for
certain organisms such as multi resistance
coagulase negative staphylococcus and
candida.
• Infections may occurs at the skin entry site
of the IV device or in the sub cutaneous
path of catheter.
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90. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
90

91. SURVEILLANCE OF HEALTHCARE
ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
91

92. • Surveillance is one of the most important
components of an effective infection
control program. It is defined as the
systematic collection, analysis,
interpretation, and dissemination of data
about the occurrence of HCAIs in a
definite patient population.
92

93. Purpose of Surveillance
1. To establish and maintain a database
describing endemic rates of HCAIs. Once
endemic rates are known then the
occurrence of an epidemic can be detected
when infection rates exceed baseline values.
2. To identify trends manifested over a finite
period, such as shifts in microbial pathogen
spectrum, infection rates, etc.
93

94. 3. To provide continuous observation of
HCAIs cases for the purpose of prevention
and control.
4. To obtain useful information for
establishing priorities for infection
control activities.
94

95. Componentsof Surveillance system
95

96. Definition of HCAI
Case Definition
Active surveillance of Healthcare
associated Infections (HCAI)
96

97. EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF
HEALTH CARE STAFF
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99. INFECTION CONTROL IN BISHOP BENZIGER
HOSPITAL
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