Collaborative work: Created by: Bibiana Patricia Molinares Patricia del Pilar Ararat Mildred Gutiérrez de Piñerez Carlos Andrés Patino Gloria Reyes Díaz

1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
TUTOR
DINA ESPERANZA BONILLA
PRESENTED BY:
PATRICIA DEL PILAR ARARAT, Cod. 33441137
BIBIANA PATRICIA MOLINARES, Cod. 32842023
MILDRED GUTIÉRREZ DE PIÑERES, Cod. 37319633
GLORIA I. REYES DÍAZ, Cod. 63307587
CARLOS ANDRÉS PATIÑO TORRES, Cod. 1102351402
GROUP 551037_3
UNAD
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
July 16, 2018

2. 1. TASK 1
PERFUME
BIBIANA PATRICIA MOLINARES
Traducción del Párrafo 1
El arte de la perfumería tiene una herencia antigua y universal. Este arte
floreció en la antigua Roma en donde se decía que los emperadores se bañaban
en esencias. Después de la caída de Roma, muchos de los conocimientos se
perdieron, pero sobrevivieron en civilizaciones Islámicas en la edad media. Los
farmaceutas árabes y persas desarrollaron aceites esenciales de plantas
aromáticas de la península India. Desarrollaron el proceso de destilación y
suspensión en alcohol, lo que permitió que se usará menores cantidades de
materia prima que en el proceso antiguo en el cual, los pétalos de flores eran
remojados en aceite caliente. Este conocimiento fue traído a monasterios de
Europa durante las Cruzadas.
MILDRED GUTIÉRREZ DE PIÑERES
Traducción del Párrafo 2
Al principio, el uso de fragancias fue principalmente asociada con la curación. Aguas
aromáticas con alcohol fueron ingeridas tanto como usadas externamente. Las fragancias
fueron usadas para purificar el aire, para propósitos espirituales y de salud. Durante “la
muerte negra”, se pensó que la peste bubónica provenía de los malos olores, los cuales
pudieron ser evitados inhalando fragancias agradables como la canela. “La muerte negra”
dio paso a la aversión de lavarse con agua, y así el perfume fue comúnmente usado como
un agente de limpieza.
Más tarde, el arte del perfume reingresó a Europa, y se centró en Venecia,
principalmente porque era una importante ruta comercial y un centro de la industria del
vidrio. Teniendo estos materiales a manos fue esencial para el proceso de destilación. A
finales del siglo XVII, el comercio aumentó en Francia, cuando Luis XIV trajo políticas de
proteccionismo y patrocinio las cuales estimularon la venta de mercancías de lujo. Aquí, la

3. perfumería fue la preserva de la industria de guantes. La conexión aumentó desde que la
teñida del cuero requirió sustancias putrefactas. Consecuentemente, los guantes fueron
perfumados antes de ser vendidos y usados. Un gremio de los fabricantes de guantes y
perfumes existió aquí desde 1190. Ingresar al gremio requería de 7 años de entrenamiento
formal bajo la tutela de un perfumero maestro.
GLORIA INÉS REYES DÍAZ
Traducción del párrafo 3
El comercio de perfumes floreció durante el reinado de Luis XV, ya que los maestros
fabricantes de guantes y perfumes, particularmente los que comerciaban en París, recibían
patrocinio de la corte real, donde se dice que cada semana se usaba un perfume diferente.
Los fabricantes de perfumes se diversificaron hacia la producción de otros cosméticos,
incluidos jabones, polvos, pinturas blancas para ojos y tintes para el cabello. Ellos no eran
los únicos vendedores de productos de belleza, los vendedores de textiles y de especias,
fabricantes de vinagres y de pelucas también estaban aprovechando la popularidad de los
productos perfumados. Incluso simples tenderos estaban inventando sus propios brebajes
para vender.
Durante el siglo XVIII, comenzó a surgir la industria del perfume más moderna y
capitalista, particularmente en Gran Bretaña, donde existía una sociedad floreciente de
consumo. En Francia, la revolución interrumpió inicialmente el comercio de perfumes
debido a su asociación con la aristocracia, sin embargo, recuperó su impulso más tarde a
medida que se buscaba una variedad más amplia de mercados tanto en el mercado nacional
como en el extranjero. El sistema de gremios fue abolido en 1791, permitiendo abrir nuevas
tiendas de perfumería de alto nivel en París.
CARLOS ANDRÉS PATINO
Traducción del párrafo 4
El perfume llegó a ser menos asociado con salud en 1810 con una ordenanza
napoleónica que requería a los perfumistas declarar los ingredientes de todos los productos
para el consumo interno. No dispuestos a divulgar sus secretos, los comerciantes se

4. concentraron en productos para uso externo. Napoleón afectó a la industria de otras
maneras también. Con los puertos franceses bloqueados por los británicos durante las
guerras napoleónicas, los perfumistas de Londres fueron capaces de dominar los mercados
durante algún tiempo.
Uno de los cambios significativos en el siglo XIX fue la idea de incluir una marca del
fabricante. Hasta entonces, las marcas habían tenido poca importancia en la perfumería
donde los productos eran consumidos localmente, aunque tenían una larga historia en otras
industrias. Uno de los pioneros en este campo fue Rimmel, quien fue nacionalizado como
ciudadano británico en 1857. Él se aprovechó de la expansión de los ferrocarriles para
llegar a clientes en mercados más amplios. Para hacer esto, él construyó una marca que
transmitía prestigio y calidad, y valía la pena pagar un bono adicional por ella. Él reconoció
el papel del diseño en la mejora del valor de sus productos, contratando a un litógrafo
francés para crear las etiquetas de sus botellas de perfume.
PATRICIA DEL PILAR ARARAT
Traducción del párrafo 5
Las fragancias lujosas estaban fuertemente asociadas con las ricas y prestigiosas
ciudades de Londres y Paris. Los elaboradores de perfumes de diferentes lugares atendían o
vendían los productos más baratos e imitaciones de marcas de Londres y Paris. La industria
Americana de perfumes, quienes desarrollaban en los alrededores en los muelles de Nueva
York, donde aceites franceses había sido importados, empezaron de esta manera. Muchas
firmas Americanas fueron encontradas por inmigrantes, así como William Colgate, quien
llego en 1806. En este momento, Colgate fue conocido como perfumería. Su marca
Cashmere Bouquet tenía 625 variedades de perfumes en los inicios del siglo XX.
2. TASK 2
REFLECTIONS
BIBIANA PATRICIA MOLINARES

5. This translation task was very interesting, I enjoyed this exercise, because I could practice
reading, comprehension, vocabulary and also I could learn a little about this.
subject: Perfume.
During the translation process, I used both direct translations and oblique translation
techniques in the different sentences such as Literal translation (Using Word for Word
translation) For example: “They developed the processes of distillation” <Ellos
desarrollaron el proceso de destilación>. Borrowing: (Using the same word without
translation) the word “Perfume”, for example.
I also used Transposition, (changing the sequence) for example in “Ancient and global
heritage” <Herencia Antigua y universal> Modulation (changing the phrase in a little
different way to express the same) for example: “Emperors were said to bathe in
scent”. <Se decía que los emperadores se bañaban en esencias> And so on.
MILDRED GUTIÉRREZ DE PIÑERES
THE CRAFT OF TRASLATION
Translation is a craft where are mixed both curiosity and desire of learning. These
feelings become translator a researcher.
When you are going to translate must be opened to learn something new, this a way to
learning.
Then, you look the title to have an idea of topic and to do a initial reading underlining
unknown words and to look for in the dictionary to have a better idea on it. This can do it
paragraph by paragraph and re-read it again to structure it.
When I was reading and translating “Perfume” found difficult words to make sense to the
translation. In the beginning, separated words without sense, took form becoming
themselves in a theme.
These are some unknown words: craft, dealer, raw, soak, odor (it was bad written),
avert, inhale, soar, putrid, scent, guild, patronage, dye, sole, Mercers, spicer, wig, cashing,
concoctions, disrupt, high-end, Brand, Premium, spread, enhance, convey, knock off, dock,
twenty eight in total.
I love learning new words, but when I wanted structure the final text, I had to think a
Little more and to make a new phrase more according to the topic “perfume”.

6. I found personal names, such as: Louis XIV/XV, The United States, New York, , which
could be translated, without change their meaning and contextual idea.
Another phrase was translated, too, e.g. “Black Death” for “muerte negra”
These personal names were not translated: William Colgate, Napoleon, Rimmel,
The phrase “Cashmere Bouquet Brand”, I did not consider translate it because I did not
want change its sense.
On phrases, such as: “where the emperors were said to bathe in scent” I considered re-
make the sentence because literally it was not accurate, stating as: donde se decía que los
emperadores se bañaban en perfumes.” (Paragraph 1.)
During the Black Death, the bubonic plague was thought to have resulted from a bad odors,
which could be averted by inhaling pleasant fragances” for Durante “la muerte negra”, se
pensó que la peste bubónica provenía de malos olores, los cuales pudieron ser evitados
inhalando fragancias agradables” (paragraph 2)
Finally, I can affirm that “a translator is a researcher.”
GLORIA INÉS REYES DÍAZ
Since, I already have a couple of years of experience in the translation field, I did not
have much trouble doing it. But, I still find new concept that are necessary to investigate, as
for I only hold a C1, and the translation take place into so many environments. For
example, I have to investigate about Mercer and Spicer words, their root is from another
languages.
Mercer: Comerciantes de textiles, from the old french Word Mercier, most used in UK.
Spicer = palabra del Francés antiguo. Species seller.
Something that translators need to take into account is that there are words called false
friends, meaning, that they do not represent what we think, just because they are close to
words used in our language. Like embarrassed vs Embarazada. They have to be careful
also with the literal translation. Not always, it is possible or proper doing so, like this
example:
White face paints (pearl white, UV whites, standard whites, and opaque whites to mention
some. It will be wrong to translate “Pinturas para caras blancas”

7. While I translate, something that I am currently doing, I use many tools, even google
translation, but, as I said, only as a tool. I always try to find synonyms or antonyms, as for
not always the first word of a translation (language target) is enough for the translation of
the language source. Example, in “it regained momentum later as a wider range of markets
were sought both in the domestic and overseas markets.”
Recuperó su impulso más tarde a medida que se buscaba una gama más amplia de
mercados tanto en el mercado nacional como en el extranjero.
It may looks fine, but the right translation will be “variedad más amplia de mercados…”
Something that I do is to reread and compare both, the language source and the language
target, many times, that way, I make sure to reach the best translation possible. I am
always aware that there are many times where a word do not have a proper translation, so I
try to find the closes idea, without changing the meaning and that many words from the
source language need more than two words to reach the meaning. Example, “The
perfumers diversified into other cosmetics…” Los fabricantes de perfumes se
diversificaron hacia la producción de otros cosméticos, It won’t be proper to say
“perfumeros”
As far as translation, I think that it is a nice profession; I will love to keep going into this
direction and become an excellent translator in the future. With regard to methods,
strategies, and techniques, I can say that as in any pedagogical teaching process, we need a
mix of them, as for not one fulfils the need.
Said that, I can say that I use word-by-word translation, as I used Literal translation,
Faithful translation, Adaptation, Semantic and Idiomatic translation as methods. As for
allusions, I use retention of the name most times. As for strategy, I used Translation
without interruption for as long as possible then I reread and correct mistakes. In this
work, I use Literal translation, word by word, transposition, and modulation as well.
CARLOS ANDRÉS PATINO
As a few teachers, I am the kind of English teacher who has quit his previous profession
and professional career to teach English for a living. That being said, I enjoy learning
English so I like to use different sources of English language mainly in readings from
novels and audios from movies or songs. So then, considering what I have mentioned, I

8. should not have any problem translating a simple text like the paragraph I have chosen,
nevertheless the activity made me realize that I am not very used to translate texts.
When my English learning process started some years ago, I used to translate what I
heard and read into Spanish basically because I was not able to understand the source of
information directly in English so I had to translate everything. It is widely known that
translating what you read or listen while you are reading or listening to something is not the
best way or method to improve in the English language. That brings me to the current level
of English proficiency I have these days where I do not translate what I hear or read into
Spanish considering that I have spent quite a long time working in order to be able to think
in English.
Thus, when I first looked at the fourth paragraph I did not have any trouble to understand
everything including the gist of the text as well as particular details. However and
considering that this was a translation activity, when I started the translation process writing
in Spanish I could not glimpse when was the last time I had translated something into
Spanish because I do not do that nowadays for my classes nor do I need it to understand the
meaning.
The thing is that although I did not face any trouble to understand the text, I had to think
hard to write the proper translation for a couple of words that I know what they mean but I
was not sure how to translate them. For instance, when I had to translate the verb branding,
I decided to use a couple of words instead of just one, so the translation of words like that,
where the meaning is easy but I had to take a moment to find the best translation, slowed
me down. In conclusion, my only concern was figuring out the finest translation for a
couple of words, not because the understanding in English but because of the Spanish
words that best represent the same meaning.
Regarding the techniques, I have realized that I prefer to use the one of the direct
translation techniques, which is the Literal translation, which is something I do because I
really like to be as accurate as possible. Nevertheless, considering that it is not always easy
or possible to translate word for word, I could use the Modulation strategy, which is one of
the Oblique translation techniques, as a way to complement the literal translation.
Furthermore, I was able to be more efficient when I could see the original text in English
and the text I was writing in Spanish at the same time. It was a little bit tough for me

9. because of my small laptop, but it was something that worked for me and from my
perspective, the combination of those mentioned techniques turned out in a good
translation.
PATRICIA DEL PILAR ARARAT
About my individual activity, I took the liberty of carrying out the translation to my
paragraph, according to what I understood quickly, without the use of translators or a
dictionary. I did it this way because in the course of reading it makes their understanding
and interpretation at times obvious, but that's what the exercise takes us to, to make an
improved validity to the definitions of words, to that they contain more meaningful
information I consciously omitted some words that I did not recognize in order to make
them clear of my reflection and proceed to correct them. I also take advantage of my
colleagues for noticing, for example Cashmere Bouquet, is a proper name, is the name of a
brand and does not take the appropriate value.
Other drawbacks, is that I take some words that are for my family as affluent, and I use
it in my translation with a synonym that for me still made sense, but my partner had a better
option for this word. I had to read my text again, so that I would make sense of it and
convince myself that it was much better that way than mine.
In my translation exercise, use several techniques:
Direct Translation Techiniques:
• Borrowing: with the example of the Cashmere Boutique brand, because it is a proper
name, the expression of the original text was written as such.
• Literal Translation: In many cases I used this technique, the comprehension of the text led
me to read and be able to translate word by word while preserving its syntax. This is one of
the many examples: which developed around the docks in New York where French oils
were being imported, began in this way - who developed in the vicinity of the docks in New
York, where French oils had been imported, started from this way.

10.  Oblique Translation Techiniques
• TRANSPOSITION: With the example of Luxury fragrances - Las fragancias lujosas, Las
fragancias de lujo, Lujosas fragancias… Although its grammatical structure was changed
when translated, the meaning of the text was not altered.
3. TASK 3
Chart about the differences between method, strategy and technique and its example
Methods, Strategies, and Technique differences in Translation
Method "[W]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation
procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language"
Newmark (1988b, p.81).
As a technique, a method can be seen as a way of doing something.
However, translation methods are related the way of translating
complete texts. Therefore, some translation methods are so similar to
some strategies, although there are some additional methods or
different specifications regarding other methods.
*Word by Word translation: the word order is preserved and the words
are translated singly. Example, The students are learning about
translation = Los estudiantes están aprendiendo sobre traducción.
*Literal Translation: the grammatical constructions are translated to
their nearest. Example, The smartest students are getting better scores =
Los estudiantes inteligentes estan logrando los mejores puntajes.
*Faithful translation: the contextual meaning of the original language
keeping the grammatical structures. Example, teaching from the back
of the room = Enseñando desde la parte de atrás del salón.
*Adaptation: the meaning in the source culture is converted to the
target culture while the text is rewritten. Example, teaching from the
back of the room = Dejando a los alumnos aprender por si mismos.

11. * Semantic Translation: considers the aesthetic value of the source text
while keeps the meaning. Example, Sorrow licks my hand; at my feet,
it is lying. = La pena mi mano lame y echada a mis pies esta.
*Free translation: the result in the target language has not style, form,
or content of the original. Example, The perfume maker is rich = El
perfumero es rico.
*Idiomatic Translation: it has the original idea of the message but
tends to distort nuances of meaning.
*Communicative Translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual
meaning of the source language (Ordudari, 2007; Newmark, 1988b).
Strategy "Translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete
translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task,"
Krings (1986:18)
Taking into account the process and product of translation,
Jaaskelainen (2005) divides strategies into two major categories: some
strategies relate to what happens to texts, while other strategies relate to
what happens in the process.
He also divide the strategies into Global translation (whole context,
and Local translation (text segments).
According to him, there are three major global strategies.
*Translation without interruption for as long as possible
*Correcting surfaces error immediately
*Leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic error in the text to
the revision stage.
Furthermore, another author defines strategy as “a potentially
conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or
any segment of it” (Ordudari, 2007).
There are two other ways to classified strategies:

12.  According to what happens to texts (product related strategies):
basic tasks of choosing the source language text and developing
a method to translate it.
 According to what happens in the process (process related
strategies): a set of rules or principles, which a translator uses to
achieve the purpose according to the translating situation.
Allusions “A passing reference, without explicit identification, to a
literary or historical person, place or event or to another literary work
or passage.” Abrams (1999, p. 9).
Leppihalme (1997:79) proposed a set of strategies for translating the
proper name allusions:
I. Retention of the name:
a. Using the name as such. Example, The man was acting
like Romeo = El hombre estaba actuando como Romeo
b. Using the name, adding some guidance. Example, Noe
(from the Bibly)
c. Using the name, adding a detailed explanation, for
instance, a footnote. You are more lost than the
Lindbergh’s son (Lindbergh’s son was a men named
Charles Jr. who was kidnaped when he was only 19
months old. He was never found.)
II. Replacement of the name by another:
a. Replacing the name by another SL name.
b. Replacing the name by a TL name Mary for Maria.
III. Omission of the name:
a. Omitting the name, but transferring the sense by other
means, for instance by a common noun. Mary was

13. smart, but lost her path. The beautiful and young Mary
die too soon = Mary fue inteligente, pero perdió su
camino. La hermosa joven murió muy pronto.
b. Omitting the name and the allusion together.
Technique 1) Direct translation Techniques
A technique is a way of doing or performing an activity that
requires certain skill. So then, translation techniques are the ways
that are used to translate sentences or small unites of language into
another language. Therefore, the translator could use more than one
technique per text. In addition, translation techniques could be
direct or oblique.
It is used when structural and conceptual elements of the SL can
be transferred into the TL.
 Borrowing: words from the LS used into the TL without
translation. Example, El burrito, is a Mexican food.
 Calque: Or loan translation, Phrase borrowed from another
language and translated word by word. Example, the
handball is an American game = El balonmano es un juego
Americano.
A calque is not always the way to translate a phrase and
wrong calque could indicate lack of skill by the translator.
 Literal translation or word by word translation: When the
LS has the same structured than the TL
The bird is singing = El pajaro esta cantando
2) Oblique Translation Techniques
Used when structural or conceptual elements of the SL cannot
be directly translated without altering the meaning or upsetting the
grammatical and stylistic elements of the TL.

14.  Transposition: when parts of the speech changes their
sequence when they are translated
Example: the beautiful and stylist woman into “La mujer
hermosa y moderna.
 Modulation: When using a phrase that is different in the SL
and the TL to convey the same idea.
Example, at a snail’s pace = a paso de tortuga.
 Reformulation or Equivalent: To express something in a
completely different way. Idioms or slangs.
Example, It is raining cats and dogs = llueve a cantaros.
 Adaptation: when something specific to one language
culture is expressed in a very different way that is familiar
or appropriate to another language culture. Example, yours
faithfully = Le Saluda atentamente.
 Compensation: When something cannot be translated, and
the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the
translated text. Example, the cat is sick. How in Spanish is
not possible to know if the cat is female or male, the la or el
should be added according to the reading.
La gata está enferma, o el gato está enfermo.

15. References
Net industries (Education- Knowledge – Information) (n.d) Translation - The Concept of
Translation and Its Complexity. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9GMmJDx4LPcck5DalUtdFExU3c/view
Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from
http://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques
Ordudari, M. (july 2007). Translation procedures, strategies, and methods. Translation
Journal, 11(3). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from
http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41culture.htm
Newmark, P. (1988b). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall. Retrieved
from
http://ilts.ir/Content/ilts.ir/Page/142/ContentImage/A%20Textbook%20of%20Translation%
20by%20Peter%20Ne