This presentation gives us idea about various data entry and referencing tools used in medical sciences

1. Different Tools in Data Entry and Referencing
Their Pros and Cons
Moderator
Hira Nath Dahal
Presenters
Gauri Chaudhary
Anand Shah

2. Presentation Layout
• Brief introduction to research
• Various data entry tools
• Spreadsheet
• Epidata
• SPSS
• Stata
• R Programming
• Various referencing tools
• Zotero
• Mendeley
• EndNote
• Paperpile
• Summary and conclusion

3. What is Research?
“Research is a systematic investigation designed to develop or
contribute to generalizable knowledge.”
National Archives and Records
Administration 1985
• Knowledge building tool
• Enables efficient learning
• Helps in understanding issues
• Provides truthful evidence
• Keeps updated on recent information
• Builds credibility
• Introduces new ideas
• Encourages curiosity
• Aids employment prospects
Importance

4. Steps of research
Identifying the problem
Literature review
Setting research
questions, objectives
and hypothesis
Choosing the study
design
Report writing
Processing and analyzing
data
Data collection
Deciding on the sample
design

5. Importance of data entry?
• Helps in organizing documents in an orderly manner
• If the data are entered in proper manner, then
Easier data analysis
Good data outcome
Best results

6. Data entry tools
The software that are used to enter collected data during
research process for easy analysis and best results.
Various Data Entry Tools
1. Spreadsheet
2. Epidata
3. Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)
4. Stata
5. R-Programming

7. Spreadsheet
• A computer application for organization, analysis and
storage of data in tabular form
• Available ones are MS Excel and Google Sheets
• A file that exists of cells in rows and columns
• Helps arrange, calculate and sort data
• Data in a spreadsheet can be numeric values as well as text,
formulas, references and functions

9. MS Excel Vs Google Sheets
MS Excel
• Offline document
• Creates charts manually
• Share using excel for the web
or a shared workbook
• Have to save manually
• Cannot add collaborators
Google sheets
• Web based document
• Creates charts manually as
automatically with explore
• Share directly from sheets
• Don’t need to save manually
but will be saved on google
drivers automatically
• Can add collaborators

10. Why spreadsheets are used?
• Perform basic arithmetic and mathematical functions
• Most common use is to store and organize data like revenue,
payroll and accounting
• Allows users to make calculations with this data and produce
graphs and charts
• Good for those who have just started career in research and
data entry

11. Epidata
• A group of applications used in combination for creating
documented data structures and analysis of quantitative
data
• Widely used by organizations and individuals to create and
analyze large amounts of data
• Used by WHO

12. Has 2 parts:
1. Epidata entry:
• Used for simple or programmed data entry and data documentation
• Handles simple forms or related systems
2. Epidata analysis:
• Performs basic statistical analysis, graphs and comprehensive data
management such as recording data, label values and variables and
basic statistics
• Can create control charts like pareto charts or p-charts

13. Major Functions
• Creating questionnaires
• Controlled data entry
• Documenting and printing data
• Correction of questionnaires, records
• Comparing of 2 data files/double entry verification
• Importing and exporting data
• Append and merge data

14. Why run Epidata?
• Used for simple or programmed data entry and data
documentation
• Entry handles simple forms or related systems optimized
documentation and error detection features
• One can enter data in epidata and do analysis on other
softwares

15. Installation

16. Usage

17. Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS)
• It is a software package used for interactive or batched
statistical analysis
• Originally launched in 1968 by SPSS Inc. and later acquired
by IBM by 2009
• Mainly used in the areas like health care, marketing and
educational research, market researchers, health researchers,
survey companies, education researchers, government,
marketing organizations, data miners, etc.
• Provides data analysis for descriptive statistics numeral
outcome predictions and identifying groups
• Gives data transformation, graphing and direct marketing
features to manage data smoothly

18. Features of SPSS
• Easy access to data with different variable types
• Helps researchers to set up model easily
• Easy to learn, use and apply
• Helps in to get data management system and editing tools
handy
• Offers in depth statistical capabilities for analyzing the exact
outcome
• Helps in designing, plotting, reporting and presentation
features for more clarity

20. Installation

21. Stata
• A complete, integrated statistical software package
• Most user friendly data analysis software
• Popular in social sciences particularly economics and
political sciences
• It has both a point and click user interface and a command
line function with easy to learn command syntax
• It has a system for version control in place
• In it, we have to code the data for entry
• Basically used in PhD level research

22. Why use Stata?

23. Installation

24. Usage

25. R-Programming
• The language of data science
• A free open-source software that is compatible with any
operating system
• Optimized of vector operations
• Has the same features as Stata such as a point and click user
interface, a command line, savable files and strong data
analysis and visualization capabilities
• Great community

27. Installation

28. Usage

29. Referencing styles and
tools

30. Reference and Referencing Styles
Action of mentioning to something or the use of a
source of information in order to ascertain
something.
A set of rules on how to acknowledge the thoughts,
ideas and works of others in a particular way is
referencing style.
Oxford dictionary of English
Xth Edition

31. Referencing is a crucial part of
 Successful academic writing
 Avoiding plagiarism
 Maintaining academic integrity in your assignments
and research

32. Objectives of Referencing Style
• To study different styles of referencing used over
world
• To get the appropriate format of reference or
presenting
• To know the difference between the different styles
used
• To support all significant statements
• To know the origin of the work

33. Why to Reference?
• Proves that substantial research has been done to support
analysis
• Enables others to follow up on work
• Gives credit to other people’s work
• Avoids charges of plagiarism
• Required to support all significant statement
• Used to indicate the origin of material and source for
research and further reading

34. Sources of References
• Book
• Journal
• Newspaper / magazine
• Conference paper
• Annual report
• Institutional / Government publication
• Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, Databases
• Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works

35. Different Styles of Writing
References
• American psychological association style (APA)
• Vancouver style
• American Medical Association (AMA) styles
• American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) style
• National Library of Medicine (NLM)

37. Referencing styles Field where it is used
American Psychological Association
(APA)
Psychology
Nursing
Vancouver system Medical journal
American Medical Association (AMA) Medical community
American Journal of Public Health Public health
National Library of Medicine Biomedical

38. Vancouver style
Elements:
• Author surname followed by initials
• Title of article followed by double quotation
• Title of journal (abbreviated)
• Date of publication followed by double quotation
• Volume number
• Issue number in bracket
• Page number

39. Format:

40. Example:
1. Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, Simpson T, Andrews W,
Huang M, et al. Vaccine prevention of maternal
cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar
19;360(12):1191-99.
2. French D, Wade A, Yudkin P, Neil H, Kinmonth A,
Farmer AJ. Self‐monitoring of blood glucose changed
non‐insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes patients’ beliefs
about diabetes and self‐monitoring in a randomized
trial. Diabetic Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2019 Jan
18];25(10):1218-1228.

41. Note:
Vancouver style does not use the full
journal name, only the commonly used
abbreviation: ”New England journal of
Medicine” is cited as “N Engl J Med”.

42. American Psychological
Association (APA) style
• an "author-date" style
Format:

43. Example:
1. Alibali, M.W., Philips, K.M., &Fischer, A.D. (2009).
Learning new problem-solving strategies leads to
changes in problem representation. Cognitive
Development, 24,89-101.

44. American medical association (AMA) Style
• widely adopted throughout the medical community
Format:

45. Example:
• World Health Organization. Injury: A Leading
Cause of the Global Burden of Disease, 2000.
Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization;
2002.

46. American Journal of Public Health
(AJPH) style
• AJPH follows AMA style
Format:
• Fuhrmann J, Schmidt A, Spiess S, et al. McsB is a
protein arginine kinase that phosphorylates and
inhibits the heat-shock regulator CtsR. Science.
2009;324(5932):1323-1327

47. Example:

48. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
• Produces the content for MEDLINE/PubMed.
• Provides standards for citing biomedical.
Elements:
• Author name
• Article title
• Name of journal (abbreviated)
• Date of published
• Issue and volume
• page

49. Example:
• Fortney JA, Leong M. Saving mother’s lives:
programs that work. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2009
Jun;52(2):224-36

51. Citation Referencing
Citation is what you do in the
actual text of your assignment
when you want to indicate the
source you have used or from
which you have quoted
Referencing is what do you do
at the end of an assignment
when you list the sources you
have cited in the text
e.g. Malaria incidence has
significantly declined over the
last decade in Nepal (Dhimal et
al. 2014)
e.g. Dhimal M, Ahrens B, Kuch
U. 2014.Malaria control in
Nepal 1963-2012: challenges
on the path towards elimination.
Malaria Journal, 13:241.
doi:10.1186/1475- 2875-13-241

52. Difference between reference list
and Bibliography
1. Reference list:
• A list of sources we have cited in our text
arranged in the order they appeared within the
text.
• It is usually put at the end of our work but it can
also appear as a footnote (at the bottom of the
page), or endnote (at the end of each chapter)
which serves as a similar purpose.

53. 2. Bibliography:
• A separate list of sources we have consulted but not
specifically cited in our work including background
reading.
• It is arranged alphabetically by the author’s
surname.

54. Referencing tools
• A piece of software or an online tool that allows you to
store and format references.
Popular referencing tools:
1. Zotero
2. Mendeley
3. EndNote
4. PaperPile

55. Zotero
• Zotero is a free referencing tool that allows you to
collect, cite, organize and share research sources.
• Zotero comes with a browser extension that
automatically senses content in your web browser,
allowing you to add it to your personal library with
a single click.
• Zotero supports all the major citation formats.

56. Key features:
• Create in-text citation, footnotes and bibliographies
• Attach PDFs, notes and images to your citations and
organise them into searchable folders.
• Can be used on both PCs and Macs.
• Can sync with online account
• Open access resource suitable for undergraduate
and postgraduates
• Free to all users and unlimited storage on desktop

57. How to install Zotero?

59. Mendeley
• Mendeley is a free referencing manager and social
network that helps you organize research, collaborate
online and discover new research.
• You can sign up for a Mendeley account online and
install the Mendeley Desktop Tool in your computer.
• Mendeley Writing Addins are available for MS Word
and LibreOffice which enables you to insert references
into your article and generate a bibliography list.

60. Key Features:
• Web interface and Mendeley desktop, which can sync with an online
account.
• Free to all users.
• Unlimited storage on desktop
• Queries PubMed database for matches from PDFs.
• 12 popular citation styles, plus easy download of other styles.
• Collaborate with others researchers by creating public and private
groups.
• Automatic synchronisation of collections among multiple computer.

61. How to install and use Mendeley

63. EndNote
• EndNote is a reference management tool that allows
you to import references directly from online sources
such as PubMed, Web of Science, Library of
Congress, etc.
• You can also import references by uploading a list of
references in Citation Manager format.
•
• The cost of full single user license is £209, and
student license is £99.

64. Key features
• Can search hundreds of online resources for references and
PDFs.
• Add a watch folder, which allows EndNote to automatically
upload new files related to your research.
• Use the advanced search functionality to quickly find what you
are looking for.
• Share documents with colleagues by giving them read/write
access.
• You can even send a link directly from EndNote using the built-
in email functionality.

65. How to install EndNote?

67. Paperpile
• PaperPile is a GoogleDocs Addon for managing your
references and bibliography.
•
• A very useful tool if you are using GoogleDocs for writing
papers instead of MS Word.
• PaperPile is attached to your Google account.
• You can download this app from the Google store.
• It works very well with other citation managers such as
Zotero and EndNote.

68. Key features:
• Paperpile imports data from academic publisher
websites and from databases such as PubMed, Google
Scholar, Google Books, and arXiv.
• Allows collaborative editing of academic papers.
• Paperpile imports and
exports BibTeX and RIS formats, and can migrate data
from Mendeley, Zotero and Papers.

69. How to install Paperpile?

70. Summary
• There are lots of data entry tools available out of
which these 5 discussed ones are useful in medical
science
• They’re important during research because high
level calculations are difficult to perform manually.
• Proper data entry means good outcomes

71. • There are above thousands of referencing styles
used in different fields.
• Vancouver and APA styles are the most common in
the medical field.
• Referencing and citation are differ from each other.
• Zotero and Mendeley are available free of cost.
However, EndNote can be used freely in crack
version.

72. Conclusion
• There are many standard style used for referencing ,
we can use any one of them.
• It gives us a standard format of presenting or
reference.
• Helps to know origin of work
• Plagiarism can be avoided

73. References
• https://www.epidata.dk/
• Article and journals
• Previous presentation
• Internet