anatomy introduction.pptx

1. Human Anatomy
Tesfahun B.(BSc in Nursing)

2. UNIT - 1
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY

3. Objectives of the session
• At the end of this session the students will be
able:
• Identify division anatomy
• Define the terms Anatomy
• Identify different terms
• Know different position

4. 1. Definition of Anatomy
 The term 'anatomy' is derived from the Greek word
 Anat = apart
 Tome = cut (It also means dissection of the various parts of
human body).
 Is the study of the structure of the body.
 Is the science or branch of morphology which treats the
structure of organisms and relations of the parts.
 As part of the basis for the problem solving in relation to
normal and disordered function.

5. 2. DIVISION OF ANATOMY
General anatomy: the study of gross &
microscopic structures as well as the composition
of the body, its tissues & fluids.
Special anatomy – is the anatomy of certain
definite organs or groups of organs involved in
the performance of special function.
Gross anatomy –is the study of the human body
or its parts without the help of a microscope.
Microscopic anatomy – the study of cells, tissues
& organs of the body by the help of using the
microscope.

6. Cont…
Regional or Topographic anatomy: is the
anatomy of certain related parts or divisions of
the body.
Systemic anatomy: the anatomy of the
different systems of the body.
Radiological anatomy: the study of the body
by the help of radiographs.
Surgical anatomy: applied anatomy in
reference to surgical diagnosis & treatment.

7. Cont…
• Physiological (functional) anatomy: anatomy studied in
relation to function.
• Anatomy: includes those structures that can be seen grossly
(without the aid of magnification) and microscopically
(with the aid of magnification).
 Large scale Anatomy: Human gross anatomy
 Small scale Anatomy: Histology(cell and tissue)
 The study of anatomy is linked, at its root, to dissection.
 Dissection of cadavers by students is now augmented, or
even in some cases replaced, by viewing prosected
(previously dissected) material and plastic models, or using
computer teaching modules and other learning aids.

8. Cont…
 Anatomy forms the basis for the practice of medicine.
 Anatomy leads the physician towards an understanding
of a patient's disease whether he or she is carrying out a
physical examination or using the most advanced
imaging techniques.
 Anatomy is also important for nursing, dentists,
physical therapists, and all others involved in any
aspect of patient treatment that begins with an analysis
of clinical signs.
 The ability to interpret a clinical observation correctly
is therefore the endpoint of a sound anatomical
understanding

9. Cont…
Observation and visualization: are the primary
techniques a student should use to learn
anatomy.
Anatomy is much more than just memorization
of lists of names
 Knowing the names of the various branches of
the external carotid artery is not the same as
being able to visualize the course of the lingual
artery from its origin in the neck to its
termination in the tongue.

10. Cont…
Understanding the organization of the soft palate,
how it is related to the oral and nasal cavities, and
how it moves during swallowing is very different
from being able to recite/ read aloud/ the names
of its individual muscles and nerves.
An understanding of anatomy requires an
understanding of the context in which the
terminology can be remembered.
The language of anatomy is important; the
network of information needed to visualize the
position of physical structures in a patient goes far
beyond simple memorization

11. 3. Approaches to study gross
anatomy
Regional approach
Each region of the body is studied separately and
all aspects of that region are studied at the same
time.
For example, if the Thorax is to be studied, all of
its structures are examined.
This includes the vasculature, the nerves, the
bones, the muscles and all other structures and
organs located in the region of the body defined
as the thorax.

12. Cont…
• After studying this region, the other regions of
the body (i.e. the Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower
Limb, Upper Limb, Back, and Head and Neck)
are studied.

13. Cont…
 Systemic approach
 In contrast, in a systemic approach, each system of the
body is studied and followed throughout the entire
body.
 For example, a study of the cardiovascular system
looks at the heart and all of the blood vessels in the
body.
 The skeletal system
 Muscular system
 Gastrointestinal system
 Respiratory system
 Lymphatic systems etc. …. has been in a similar
fashion.

14. 4. Anatomical position
The anatomical position is the standard
reference position of the body used to describe
the location of structures.
The body is in the anatomical position:
When standing upright with feet together,
hands by the side and face looking forward.
The mouth is closed and the facial expression
is neutral.

15. Cont…
The rim of bone under the eyes is in the same
horizontal plane as the top of the 'opening to
the ear' and the eyes are 'open' and focused on
something in the distance.
The palms of the hands face forward with the
fingers straight and together and with the pad
of the thumb turned 90° to the pads of the
fingers.
The toes point forward.

16. Anatomical position

17. Supine position
In this position the body is lying down with
face pointing upwards.
All the remaining positions are similar to
anatomical position with the only difference of
being in a horizontal plane rather than a
vertical plane.

18. Prone position
This is the position in which the back of the body
is directed upwards.
The body lies in a horizontal plane with face
directed downwards.

19. Lithotomy position
In this position the body is lying in a supine
with hips and knees fully extended.
The feet are strapped in position to support the
flexed knees and hips.

20. 5. Body types
No two human beings are built exactly alike, but
we can group individuals into: Three major
categories.
These group
MORPH = body, body form
ECTO = all energy is outgoing
ENDO = all energy is stored inside
MESO = between, in the middles represent basic
body shapes.

21. Cont…
ECTOMORPH = slim individual
ENDOMORPH = broad individual
 MESOMORPH = body type between the two
others, "muscular" type
Ectomorphs = slim persons, are more
susceptible to lung infections.
Endomorphs = are more susceptible to heart
disease

22. Typical traits of an ectomorph
Small “delicate” frame and bone structure
Classic “hardgainer”
Flat chest
Small shoulders
Thin
Lean muscle mass
Finds it hard to gain weight
Fast metabolism

23. Typical traits of an Endomorph
Soft and round body
Gains muscle and fat very easily
Is generally short and “stocky”
Round physique
Finds it hard to lose fat
Slow metabolism

24. Typical traits on a Mesomorph
Athletic
Hard body with well-defined muscles
Rectangular shaped body
Strong
Gains muscle easily
Gains fat more easily than ectomorphs

25. 6. Anatomical planes
Three major groups of planes pass through the body in
the anatomical position.
Coronal planes: are oriented vertically and divide the
body into anterior and posterior parts.
Sagittal planes: also are oriented vertically, but are at
right angles to the coronal planes and divide the body
into right and left parts.
The plane that passes through the center of the body
dividing it into equal right and left half is termed the
median sagittal plane.
Transverse, horizontal, or axial: planes divide the
body into superior and inferior parts.
 Oblique plane: Any plane other than the above
described planes will be oblique plane.

26. Anatomic plane

27. Anatomic plane…

28. 7. Anatomical terminology
Anatomicomedical Terminology
An international vocabulary has been
established for anatomy and medicine.
Learn the correct nomenclature (e.g., axillary
fossa instead of armpit and clavicle instead of
collar bone) that enables precise
communication among healthcare
professionals worldwide as well as among
scholars in basic and applied health sciences.

29. Cont…
 You must also know the common and colloquial
(ordinary) terms people are likely to use when they
describe their complaints.
 Furthermore, you must be able to use terms people will
understand when explaining their medical problems to
them.
 This terminology conforms to the new Terminologia
Anatomica:
 International Anatomical Terminology (Federative
Committee on
 Anatomical Terminology, 1998)”the authorized
international reference guide on anatomical language.

30. 7.1. Terms to describe relation,
comparison and location of body
Pairs of terms are used to describe the location
of structures relative to the body as a whole or
to other structures.
Anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or
dorsal):
Describe the position of structures relative to
the 'front' and 'back' of the body.
For example, the nose is an anterior (ventral)
structure whereas the vertebral column is a
posterior (dorsal) structure.

31. Cont…
For example, the nose is an anterior (ventral)
structure whereas the vertebral column is a
posterior (dorsal) structure.
The nose is anterior to the ears and the
vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.

32. Cont…
Medial and lateral:
Describe the position of structures relative to
the median sagittal plane and the sides of the
body.
For example, the thumb is lateral to the little
finger.
The nose is in the median sagittal plane and is
medial to the eyes, which are in turn medial to
the ears.

33. Cont…
Superior and inferior:
 Describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of
the body.
 For example, the head is superior to the shoulders and
the knee joint is inferior to the hip joint.
 Cranial: (towards the head) and caudal (towards the
tail) are sometimes used instead of superior and inferior
respectively.
 Rostral: is used, particularly in the head, to describe
the position of a structure with reference to the nose.
 For example, the forebrain is rostral to the hindbrain.

34. Cont…
Superficial and deep:
These terms are used to describe the relative
positions of two structures with respect to the
surface of the body.
For example, the sternum is superficial to the
heart and the stomach is deep to the abdominal
wall.

35. 7.2. Terms of limbs
Proximal and distal: are used with reference
to being closer or farther from a structure's
origin and/ or from trunk.
Proximal: means near the trunk.
Distal: means away from the trunk.
For example, the hand is distal to the elbow
joint.
The glenohumeral joint is proximal to the
elbow joint.

36. Cont…
Preaxial: border means the outer border in the
upper limb and inner border in the lower limb.
Postaxial: border means outer border in upper
limb and inner border in lower limb.
Flexor surface: means anterior surface of the
upper limb and posterior surface of the lower
limb.
Extensor surface: means the posterior surface
of upper limb and anterior surface of the lower
limb.

37. Terms of limbs

38. 7.3. Terms of laterality
• Unilateral: those structure occurring on one side only
EX. spleen
• Bilateral: paired structure having right and left
members
EX. kidney
• Epsilateral: something occurring on the same side of
the body as another structure.
EX. Right thumb and right big toe.
• Contralateral: occurring on the opposite side of the
body relative to another structure.
EX. The right hand is contralateral to the left hand.

39. 7.4. Anatomical terms for describing
muscles
• Origin: The relatively fixed end of muscle during
natural movements of the muscle.
• Insertion: The relatively mobile end of the
muscle during natural movements of the muscle.
• Belly: The fat fleshy part of the muscle which is
contractile in function.
• Tendon: The fibrous and non-contractile part of
the muscle which attaches muscle to the bone.
• Aponeurosis: It is a flattened tendon arising from
the connective tissues around the muscle.

40. 7.5. Terms of movement
• Flexion: bending or decreasing angle between
the bones or parts of the body.
• Dorsiflextion: flexion at ankle joint
• EX. Walking uphill or lifting the toe off the
ground
• Plantar flexion: turns the foot or toes toward
the plantar surface.
• Extension: increasing the angle between the
bones or parts of the body.

41. Cont…
• Abduction: moving away from the median plane in the
frontal plane.
• Adduction: moving towards the median plane in the
frontal plane
• Circumduction: Is the circular movement that is a
combination of flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction.
• Rotation: turning apart of the body around its
longitudinal axis.
• Pronation: is the rotational movement of the forearm
and hand that swings the radius medially around its
longitudinal axis so that the palm of the hand faces
posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly.

42. Cont…
• Supination: is the rotational movement of the
forearm and hand that swings the radius laterally
around its longitudinal axis so that the dorsum of
the hand faces posteriorly and palm faces
anteriorly.
• Opposition: is the movement by which the pad of
the 1st thumb is brought to other digit pad.
• Reposition: the movement of the 1st digit from
position of opposition back to its anatomical
position
• Protrusion: is the movement anteriorly as in
protruding the tongue, lips, and mandible.

43. Cont…
• Retrusion: movement posteriorly.
• Elevation: raises or moves apart superiorly
Ex. Opening the eyes.
• Depression: lowers or moves inferiorly.
EX. Upper lid when closing the eye
• Eversion: moves the sole of the foot away
from the median plane.
• Inversion: moves the sole of the foot toward
the median plane.

44. Body movement

45. Body movement

46. Body movement…

47. 8. Body cavity
These are confined spaces with in the body.
Their associated membranes protect,
compartmentalized & support the organs
contained in them.
There are two principal body cavities, the
Anterior body cavity &
Posterior body cavity
Each of these main cavities has subdivision

48. Cont…
The Posterior body cavity contains
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
The Anterior body cavity contains
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelivic cavity

49. 9. Body membranes
• These are thin, pliable (bending) layers of the
epithelial & / or connective tissues that lined
body cavities, cover surfaces, or separate or
connect certain structures, organs , & region of
the body.
• The three membranes found in the bodies are:
Mucous membrane
 Is the lining of the body passageways that
opens to the outside of the body?

50. Cont…
Serous membrane
Is the lining closed body cavity-pericardial,
pleural, &peritoneal
Synovial membrane
Area where friction needs to be reduced such
as the cavity of movable joints

51. 10. Levels of anatomical
organization
Human body just like any other organism is built
up from 7 levels.
1. Chemical level- subatomic particles (electron,
proton & neutron) --atoms (elements) ---
molecules (group of one or more elements)-
compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, minerals) --mixtures (water) ----life?

52. Cont…
2. Organelle level - a group of mixtures forming
life
e.g. mitochondria.
3. Cellular level - group of organelles that form
cell
e.g goblet cell
4. Tissue level - group of specific cells forming
4 basic tissues
e.g epithelial tissue

53. Cont…
5. Organ level - a group of tissues making grossly
visible structure organ
e.g lung
6. System level - a group of numerous organs
forming 11 systems of the body
e.g respiratory system
7. Organism level - independent entity made of the
whole lower levels
e.g. a newly born infant.

54. THANK YOU