very helpfull to understand anatomy

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Veterinary Anatomy – I (ANAT-02101)
CrHr: 3(1-2)
LECTURE # 01
SULTAN ALI
DVM (SAU, TANDOJAM)
MPHIL (UVAS, LAHORE)

2. Narrate Course Code, Course Title, Credit Hours:
Course Code: ANAT 02101
ANAT- Anatomy, 02 - DVM, 1 - 1st Semester: 01 - 1st Course in Semester Scheme:
Course Title: Veterinary Anatomy - I
Credit Hours: 3(1-2)
3 – Three Classes (Theory+Practical) in a week (3x20=60 marks)
1- One Theory class in a week (1x20=20 marks)
Assignment/Quiz/Presentation = 02, Mid Term = 06, Final = 12 (Pass Marks: 08)
2- Two Practical classes in a week (2x20=40 marks)
1st Rotation=10, 2nd Rotation=10, Final Paper=08 Viva=06, Assignment=03, Notebook=03 (Pass Marks: 16)
*Note: Attendance Required : 75%

3. Course Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
 1. Define and describe directional terms and bone surface modifications
 2. Describe structure and relationship of bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood vessels of
forelimb and hind limb (Practical only).
 3. Describe structure of components of common integument, lymphatic and nervous system.
 4. Indicate topographical location of skeletal and associated soft structures on live animals
(Practical only).

4. Books to Consult
Text book: (Theory)
Koenig, H. E. and H-G. Liebich, 2009. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals, Text book
and Colour Atlas. Schattauer, Germany.
Recommended books:
1. Pasquini C., T. Spurgeon, and S. Pasquini, 2007. Anatomy of Domestic Animals –Systemic
and Regional approach. Soudz, U.S.A.
2. Getty, R., S. Sisson and J. D. Grossman, 1986. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. W.B.
Saunders Co. Philadelphia, U.S.A.
3. Haward., E. and D. Alexander, 2000. Guide to the Dissection of the Dog. W.B. Saunders Co.
U.S.A.

5. INTRODUCTION
Anatomy:
deals with the form, structure, topography and the functional interaction of the tissues and organs of organisms.
Greek word "ana + tome" signifies the cutting apart or disassociating of parts of the body.
Division
1) Macroscopic or Gross anatomy:
The study of structures that can be dissected and observed with the unaided (naked) eye or with a hand lens.
2) Microscopic anatomy or Histology:
The study of minute structures (too small to be seen by naked eyes) with the help of microscope.
3) Developmental anatomy / Ontogeny (entire development of the individual)
The study of the development of the individual from the fertilized oocyte (zygote) to the adult.
The study of the development of the individual from the fertilized oocyte to birth is known as Embryology.

6. Subdivisions of anatomy
Comparative anatomy: is the study of description and comparison of the structure of animals, which forms
the basis for their classification.
Special anatomy: is the description of the structure of a single type or species, e. g, anthropotomy, hippotomy.
Pathological / Morbid anatomy: When an animal becomes diseased or its organs function improperly the
study of its deviation from the normal State.
Applied anatomy: The practical application of such (anatomy) knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment.
Veterinary anatomy: The branch which deals with the form and structure of the principal domesticated
animals.
Teratology – abnormal development
Specialized Branches: –Radiographic Anatomy, –Molecular Biology, –Computed Tomography (CT),
–Sonography , –Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

7. Methods of study
Systemic: structures and organs with a common function. Topographic: relative position and functional interaction
Systematic Anatomy:
The study of systems of organs or apparatus which are similar in origin and structure and are
associated in the performance of certain functions.
The divisions of systematic anatomy are:
1. Osteology: study of bone/ skeleton 2. Arthrology: study of joints of the body
3. Myology: study of muscles and accessory structure 4. Angiology: study of organs of circulation
5. Neurology: study of nervous system 6. Splanchnology: study of visceral organs/ system.
i) Digestive System ii) Respiratory System iii) Urogenital System (a)Urinary (b) Genital Organs
7. Esthesiology: study of sense organs and common integument.
i) Sense Organs ii) Common Integument. (eye, ear, nose and skin)

8. 02: TopographicAnatomy
The term topographic anatomy designates the methods by which the relative positions of the various organs of the
body and their interaction are accurately determined.
PLANE:
A surface real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line.
1) Median Plane:
Divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves.
2) Sagittal Plane:
Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane.
3)Transverse Plane:
Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an
organ or a part.
4) Dorsal Plane:
Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into
dorsal and ventral portions.

9. / Dorsal
BODY/ TRUNK

12. Canine Dorsal Plane – Abdomen Transverse Plane - Thorax
A B

13. Sagittal Plane – Abdomen
Median Plane - Head
D
C

14. Directional Terms
DORSAL: Toward or relatively near the back and corresponding surface of the head, neck, and
tail; on the limbs it applies to the upper or front surface of the carpus, tarsus, metapodium, and
digits (opposite to the side with the pads).
VENTRAL: Toward or relatively near the belly and the corresponding surface of the head,
neck, thorax, and tail. This term is never used for the limbs.
MEDIAL: Toward or relatively near the median plane.
LATERAL: Away from or relatively farther from the median plane.
CRANIAL: Toward or relatively near the head; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus
and tarsus. In reference to the head, it is replaced by the term rostral.
CAUDAL: Toward or relatively near the tail; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and
tarsus. Also used in reference to the head.

15. Directional Terms
ROSTRAL: Toward or relatively near the nose; applies to the head only.
INTERNAL or INNER:
Close to, or in the direction of the center of an organ, body cavity, or structure.
EXTERNAL or OUTER:
Away from the center of an organ or structure.
SUPERFICIAL:
Relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ.
DEEP:
Relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ.
PROXIMAL:
Relatively near the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the attached end.
DISTAL:
Away from the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the free end.

16. Directional Terms
RADIAL:
On that side of the forearm (antebrachium) in which the radius is located.
ULNAR:
On that side of the forearm in which the ulna is located.
TIBIAL:
On the corresponding sides of the leg (crus) in which the tibia is located.
FIBULAR:
On the corresponding sides of the leg (crus) in which the fibula is located.
(the tibial side being medial and the fibular side being lateral).
PALMAR:
The aspect of the forepaw (manus) on which the pads are located the surface that contacts
the ground in the standing animal and the corresponding surface of the metacarpus and carpus.
PLANTAR:
The aspect of the hind paw (pes) on which the pads are located the surface that contacts the
ground in the standing animal and the corresponding surface of the metatarsus and tarsus. The
opposite surface of both forepaw and hind paw is known as the dorsal surface.

17. The basic movements of parts of the body, Muscles & joints
Muscles act by moving joints. Thus, the same terminology can be applied to both muscle
actions and joint movements. Most joint movements are described by opposing terms
(directions). One set of muscles moves a joint in one direction; another set of muscles moves
the same joint in the opposite direction.
Most joints in the body function as "hinge" joints, meaning they move (extend/flex) in one
plane. Ball and socket joints (e.g., the hip joint) are capable of circumduction (circular
motion). Limbs as a whole are capable of rotation (supination/pronation) and movement
away from (abduction) and toward (adduction) the body. The head extends/flexes (YES
motion) at the atlanto-occipital joint and rotates (NO motion) at the atlanto-axial joint. The
spine (vertebral column) extends dorsally and flexes ventrally.

18. AXIS: The central line of the body or any of its parts.
AXIAL, ABAXIAL:
Of pertaining to, or relative to the axis. In reference to the digits, the functional axis
of the limb passes between the third and fourth digits. The axial surface of the digit faces
the axis, and the abaxial surface faces away from the axis.
ABDUCTION:
The movement of a part away from the median plane.
ADDUCTION:
The movement of a part toward the median plane.
FLEXION:
The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle
formed at their joint is reduced. The limb is retracted or folded; the digit is bent; the back is
arched dorsally.
EXTENSION:
The movement of one bone upon another, such that the angle formed at their joint
increases. The limb reaches out or is extended; the digit is straightened; the back is
straightened. Extension beyond 180 degrees is overextension.

19. Rotation:
The movement of a part around its long axis ( e.g. action of the radius when
using a screwdriver).
Supination: (lying on the back = supine)
is lateral rotation of the paw so that the palmar or plantar surface faces
medially or dorsally.
Pronation: (lying on the belly = prone)
is medial rotation so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces
ventrally.

20. NEXT LECTURE
BONES AND SKELETAL SYSTEM