Anatomi Fisiologi

1. Amali 1
Pengenalan Anatomi
Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia
PJM3106 (PJ ELEKTIF)

2. 2
Anatomy
• Gross anatomy: the study of body structures
visible to the naked eye (without a
microscope)
• Microscopic anatomy:
• Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of
individual cells
• Histology: examination of tissues (groups of
specialized cells that work together to perform
a specific function.

3. 3
Anatomical Position
• Anytime you describe structures
relative to one another, you must
assume this standard position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body

4. 4
Anterior
Landmarks

5. 5
Posterior
Landmarks

6. 6
Anatomical Locations
• Abdominal: abdominal region
• Acromial: the point of the shoulder
• Antebrachial: forearm
• Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
• Axillary: armpit
• Brachial: upper arm
• Buccal: cheek of the face
• Calcaneal: heel of the foot
• Carpal: wrist
• Cephalic: head

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Anatomical Locations
• Cervical: neck
• Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
• Digital: fingers and toes
• Dorsum: back
• Femoral: thigh
• Frontal: forehead
• Gluteal: buttocks
• Hallux: big toe
• Inguinal: groin
• Lumbar: lower back
• Mammary: breast

8. 8
Anatomical Locations
• Mental: chin
• Nasal: Nose
• Occipital: base of the skull
• Olecranal: elbow
• Oral: mouth
• Orbital: bony eye socket
• Otic: ear
• Palmar: palm of hand
• Patellar: Kneecap
• Pedal: Foot

9. 9
Anatomical Locations
• Pelvic: pelvis region
• Perineal: area between anus and external genitals
• Plantar: sole of foot
• Pollex: thumb
• Popliteal: behind the knee
• Pubic: genital region
• Sacral: lower back between the hips
• Scapular: shoulder blade
• Tarsal: ankle
• Thoracic: chest
• Vertebral: spine

10. 10
Body Orientation
and Direction
• These are relative positions
• Proximal/distal
• Used to describe locations on
the arms and legs
• GI tract
• Medial/lateral
• Medial is closer to the
midline
• Farther away from the
midline

11. 11
Body Orientation and Direction
• Dorsal: Back
• Ventral: Front
• Superior or Cephalad is
toward the head
• Inferior or Caudal is
toward the feet
• Anterior: most forward
• Posterior: toward the
backside

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Planes of the Body

13. 13
• Dorsal cavity
protects the nervous
system
• Contains Brain and
Spinal Cord
Dorsal Body Cavity

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Cavities
• Thoracic Cavity
• Heart & Lungs
• Subdivided into the
mediastinum and plural
cavities
• Lower border is the diaphragm
• Abdominal Cavity
• Stomach, Liver, Intestines
• Pelvic Cavity
• Reproductive organs Bladder,
Rectum

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Serous Membranes
• Serous Membranes have two layers
1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
• Serous fluid separates the serosae

16. 16
Serous Membranes

17. 17
Serous Membranes of the Heart

18. 18
Quadrants
• RUQ
• Liver
• LUQ
• Spleen
• RLQ
• Appendix
• LLQ
• Sigmoid colon

19. 19
Abdominopelvic
Regions

20. Lab Activity 2
Organ Systems
Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10

21. 21
Integumentary System
• Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
• Function:
• Forms external body covering
• Protects deeper tissues from injury
• Involved in vitamin D synthesis
• Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
• Site of pain and pressure receptors

22. 22
Skeletal System
• Structure: 206 bones of the human body
• Function:
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides a framework that muscles can use to create
movement
• Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
• Mineral storage
• Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

23. 23
Muscular System
• Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body
• Function:
• Locomotion
• Manipulation of the environment
• Maintaining posture
• Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

24. 24
Nervous System
• Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves.
• Function:
• Fast-acting control system of the body
• Monitoring of the internal and external environment
and responding (when necessary) by initiating
muscular or glandular activity
• Information Assessment

25. 25
Endocrine System
• Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands
• Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small
Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries,
Kidneys, Heart
• Functions:
• Long-term control system of the body
• Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient
use among other things.

26. 26
Cardiovascular System
• Structures:
• Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
• Functions:
• The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
• Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients
(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2),
wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules
(hormones), and heat.

27. 27
Lymphatic/Immune
System
• Structures:
• Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,
Red bone marrow
• Functions:
• Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
• Disposal of debris
• Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens
i.e., disease-causing organisms)
• Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

28. 28
Respiratory System
• Structures:
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Functions:
• Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove
CO2
• Regulate blood pH

29. 29
Digestive System
• Structures:
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas,
liver, gallbladder
• Functions:
• Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into
absorbable units that will enter the blood for
distribution to the body’s cells

30. 30
Urinary System
• Structures:
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
• Functions:
• Removal of nitrogenous wastes
• Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes,
and acidity

31. 31
Reproductive System
• Structures:
• Male:
• Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra,
prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
• Female:
• Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary
glands
• Functions:
• Making Babies

32. Lab Activity 3
The Microscope

33. 33

34. 34
Care of the Microscope
1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position
with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the
base
2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE
KIMWIPES.
3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-
power objective and change to higher-power lenses as
necessary.
• Use fine focus only for adjustment
4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power
objective lens
5. Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations

35. 35
Putting Microscope Away
1. Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate
place
2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position
3. Move stage to the lowest position
4. Turn down light brightness
5. Turn off power
6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or
alcohol wipe if needed
7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base
8. Lock the cabinet

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The End