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Heat and thermodynamics
1.
Ā©AH SIZAN
2.
Today we will
discuss about Heat and Thermodynamics Ā©AH SIZAN
3.
First we need
to know about: Thermodynamics Heat Temperature Ā©AH SIZAN
4.
Thermodynamics is a
branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. Ā©AH SIZAN
5.
Heat is a
form of energy which flows from higher temperature to lower temperature by conduction, convection and radiation processes. Ā©AH SIZAN
6.
Temperature is the
thermal state of a body which controls the flow of heat from one body to another and determines the direction of heat flow. Ā©AH SIZAN
7.
ļ½ If: ā¦ Objects
A and B are the same temperature ā¦ Objects B and C are the same temperature ļ½ Then: ā¦ Objects A and C are the same temperature ā¦ Just the transitive property of mathematics. Ā©AH SIZAN
8.
ļ½ The total
sum of all energy in an isolated system will never increase or decrease. ļ½ āLaw of conservation of energy.ā ļ½ Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transfer forms. If dQ amount of heat absorbed by a system and dU be the change in the internal energy and dW the work done by the system due to absorption of heat,then according to first law of thermodynamics dQ = dU + dW Ā©AH SIZAN
9.
ļ½ Clausius statement:
It is impossible for a self-acting machine to convey heat from a cool body to hot body without unaided by an external agency. ļ½ Planckās statement: It is impossible to construct an engine which can extract heat continuously from a heat source and completely transforms into work. ļ½ Kelvinās statement: Continuous flow of energy cannot be obtained from an object cooling it from its surrounding. ļ½ Carnotās statement: No engine can be built which can extract a fixed amount of heat and will convert totally into work. Ā©AH SIZAN
10.
ļ½ the entropy
of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero (Kelvin), or conversely ļ½ the temperature (Kelvin) of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero when the entropy approaches zero Ā©AH SIZAN
11.
A reversible process
is one which can be retraced in opposite direction so that all changes occurring in direct process are reversed exactly with corresponding parts Example: 1) All isothermal and adiabatic process, when performed very slowly. 2) 2) An extremely slow contraction or extension of spring. Ā©AH SIZAN
12.
Those processes which
cannot be retraced in opposite direction by reversing the controlling factors are called irreversible processes Example: 1) Exchanging of heat from one body to another. 2) Frictional force. 3) Heat produced by current in a resistance. Ā©AH SIZAN
13.
Isothermal process: When a
gas undergoes a change in pressure and volume at constant temperature, the gas is said to undergo an isothermal change, and the process in which the change takes place is called isothermal process. In isothermal process the relation between pressure and volume of a gas follows the Boyle's law. Conditions for isothermal Change: (i) Container of the gas must be good conductor of heat. (ii) Thermal capacity of the surroundings should be high. (iii) Change of pressure should be made very slowly (iv) By absorption or rejection of necessary heat the temperature is to be kept constant. Ā©AH SIZAN
14.
Adiabatic process: The process
in which a system neither receives heat nor rejects heat is called adiabatic process. In this process a gas undergoes changes in pressure, volume and temperature under thermal isolation. Conditions for adiabatic process: (i) The container of the gas should be non-conducting. (ii) Thermal capacity of the surrounding should be low. (iii) Change of pressure of the gas must be very rapid so that heat exchange with the surrounding does not take place. Ā©AH SIZAN
15.
A cycle in
which the working substance starting a state of certain temperature, pressure and volume is made to undergo two successive expansions (isothermal & adiabatic) and then two successive compressions and then brought back finally to its initial state is called Carnot cycle. Ā©AH SIZAN
16.
Ā©AH SIZAN
17.
Created By AHAD UDDIN
SIZAN ID : 163-15-8522 Ā©AH SIZAN
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