1. “A SCIENCE OF HUMAN NATURE”
BY JOHN STUART MILL
Firda Fathiyah
20180900010
Teknik Industri
2. About the author
John Stuart Mill was born on Rodney Street in the Pentonville area of London, the
eldest son of the Scottish philosopher, historian and imperialist James Mill and
Harriet Burrow. John Stuart was educated by his father, with advice and assistance
from Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given a very strict education, and
deliberately protected from associations with children his age besides his siblings.
John Stuart Mill is an empirical philosopher from England. He is also known as a
reformer of social utilitarianisme. His father, James Mill, is a historian and academic.
He studied psychology, which is at the core of Mill's philosophy, from his father. Since
childhood, he studied Greek and Latin. At the age of 20, he went to France to study
language, chemistry, and mathematics. Mill was born in 1806 and died in 1973..
John Stuart Mill, Thoemmes
3. About the work
About the work... In our selection from A System of Logic,1 his first significant
book, Mill argues that a science of human nature is no different from any other
kind of exact science. In astronomy, the movement of the planets can be
predicted with certainty because the laws of motions and the antecedent
circumstances can be, he thinks, known with certainty. The rise and fall of the
tides, on the other hand, can only be imprecisely known because local
antecedent conditions cannot be known or measured exactly. The study of
human nature is similar to tidology because of the complexity of the factors in
human action. Nevertheless, Mill argues that, in principle, both tidology and
human nature can become exact sciences.
4. From the reading. . .
“Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow
one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have
been discovered, nor even be discoverable by our existing resources....”
1. John Stuart Mill. A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive. New
York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1893. Bk. VI, Ch. IV.
5. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of
science, which follow one another according, to constant
laws; although those laws may not have been discovered,
nor even be discoverable by our existing resources. Take,
for instance, the most familiar class of meteorological
phenomena, those of rain and sunshine. Scientific inquiry
has not yet succeeded in ascertaining the order of
antecedence and consequence among these phenomena,
so as to be able, at least in our regions of the earth, to
predict them with certainty or even with any high degree of
probability.
6. The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency
(BMKG) calls this phenomenon the process of forming rain. In
the formation of rain clouds, a steam is needed from the earth.
The heat of the incoming sun shines like a stove that
produces steam. The sun's rays enter through the clouds that
are opened by the blowing wind, so the weather becomes
sunny.
When discussing, Head of Public Relations, BMKG Hary Tirto
Djatmiko explained the phenomenon.
"The rainy season should not sun shine on the earth, that's
what needs to be noted. When the spring transition period
arrives, the sun enters the earth, the sun radiation is very
optimal, so the evaporation is optimal, "he said, Tuesday
(11/27/2018).
7. The science of human nature is of this description. It falls
far short of the standard of exactness now realised in
Astronomy; but there is no reason that it should not be as
much a science as Tidology is, or as Astronomy was when
its calculations had only mastered the main phenomena,
but not the perturbations.
8. And this is what is or ought to be meant by those who speak of sciences which are
not exactsciences.Astronomy was once a science, without being an exact
science. It could not become exact until not only the general course of the
planetary motions, but the perturbations also, were accounted for, and referred to
their causes. It has become an exact science, because its phenomena have been
brought under laws comprehending the whole of the causes by which the
phenomena are influenced, whether in a great or only in a trifling degree, whether
in all or only in some cases, and assigning to each of those causes the share of
effect which really belongs to it. But in the theory of the tides, the only laws as yet
accurately ascertained are those of the causes which affect the phenomenon in all
cases, and in considerable degree; while others which affect it in some cases only,
or, if in all, only in a slight degree, have not been sufficiently ascertained and
studied to enable us to lay down their laws.
9. [Aspects of a Science of Human Nature]
The science of human nature is of this description. It falls far short of the
standard of exactness now realized inAstronomy; but there is no reason that it
should not be as much a science of Tidology is, or asAstronomy was when its
calculations had only mastered the main phenomena, but not the perturbations.
The phenomena with which this science is conversant being the thoughts,
feelings, and actions of human beings, it would have attained the ideal perfection
of a science if it enabled us to foretell how an individual would think, feel, or act
through life, with the same certainty with which astronomy enables us to predict
the places and the occultations of the heavenly bodies. It needs scarcely be
stated that nothing approaching to this can be done.The actions of individuals
could not be predicted with scientific accuracy, were it only because we cannot
foresee the whole of the circum
10. Why humans need sunlight ?
There are many benefits of sunlight for humans :
1.Useful for humans
The sun is the main source for every living thing, including plants. Plants
need sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces
oxygen which will have an impact on life on earth. Without the sun, plants
will die because they cannot cook for their own needs.
2.Helps burn fat
As explained earlier the sun is very useful to help burn fat. The fat
contained is not only fat that is under the skin tissue, but also fat which can
cause cholesterol and heart disease. But not only that, the sun can also
maximize the body's metabolic function.
3.The biggest source of energy
The benefits of the sun for the next human life is as the greatest source of
energy. For the universe, especially earth, the sun is used as an alternative
energy source for life.
11. why do humans have to sleep for 8 hours ?
1. Educing the risk of diabetes
People who sleep less than 6 hours or 6 hours
are 1.7 times more likely to develop diabetes
than those who sleep for a long time. Diabetes
itself will cause other dangerous diseases such
as stroke, amputation, blindness, and organ
damage.
2. Nourish the skin
Do you want to have healthier and more beautiful
skin? Try to sleep for 8 hours every day. Because
research shows that those who sleep less than 8
hours show signs of skin aging.
12. why humans sleep at night ?
Because, many activities carried out by our body only at
night, where these activities require the condition of the
body that is really resting. Example :
1. Hormone activity
At night the body will produce a hormone called melatonin. This
hormone is only produced at night and is very beneficial for our health.
Melatonin is tasked with building the body's defense system against
disease while inhibiting the growth of harmful cells, including tumor cells
and cancer.
2. Loss of body heat
The body will also reduce the production of adrenaline at night, which
results in temperature also decreases. That is why it is strongly
recommended that we rest (sleep) at night. It also explains how often we
sweat at night, which is the body's effort to balance body heat.
13. 3. Digestion and obesity
Staying up late can affect the production of the hormones leptin and
ghrelin. Leptin is a hormone that makes us feel full and ghrelin on the
contrary, makes us feel hungry. At night the body will produce more
ghrelin and reduce leptin. So that most people who are still awake at
night more easily feel hungry, which often causes obesity. Also at night
the enzymes and stomach acids in charge of turning food into energy
are inactive condition. So that calories are stacked in the body and do
not turn into energy.
4. Poison removal
Nighttime is believed to be a good time for the body to detoxify or
remove toxins. This stage of removing toxins is also gradual throughout
the night. Starting from the disposal of lymph nodes, liver, bile, lungs and
finally the large intestine, which causes us to have to defecate in the
morning.
