It becomes the own story of experiencing the impairment of two basic sides of neurobiological functions, one related with the chemical acquired deshinibition for the cortical abstract area motor and cognitive pattern pathways, and the other consists in the same sponsor of one pharmacological regulation mandatory for control the these pathways.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message.
In order for neurons to send messages throughout the body, they need to be able to communicate with one another to transmit signals. However, neurons are not simply connected to one another. At the end of each neuron is a tiny gap called a synapse and in order to communicate with the next cell, the signal needs to be able to cross this small space. This occurs through a process known as neurotransmission.
There are a number of different ways to classify and categorize neurotransmitters. In some instances, they are simply divided into monoamines, amino acids, and peptides
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message.
In order for neurons to send messages throughout the body, they need to be able to communicate with one another to transmit signals. However, neurons are not simply connected to one another. At the end of each neuron is a tiny gap called a synapse and in order to communicate with the next cell, the signal needs to be able to cross this small space. This occurs through a process known as neurotransmission.
There are a number of different ways to classify and categorize neurotransmitters. In some instances, they are simply divided into monoamines, amino acids, and peptides
an overview of the ascending tract of the spinal cord....an anatomical approach to understand the somato-sensory pathway.
Prepared as a class presentation .
details on Nervous system, Cholinergic System (acetylcholine) and Drugsjamal707
The nervous system detects and responds to changesinside and outside the body. Together with the endocrinesystem it controls important aspects of body function andmaintains homeostasis. Nervous system stimulation providesan immediate response while endocrine activity is, In the main, slower and more prolonged.
an overview of the ascending tract of the spinal cord....an anatomical approach to understand the somato-sensory pathway.
Prepared as a class presentation .
details on Nervous system, Cholinergic System (acetylcholine) and Drugsjamal707
The nervous system detects and responds to changesinside and outside the body. Together with the endocrinesystem it controls important aspects of body function andmaintains homeostasis. Nervous system stimulation providesan immediate response while endocrine activity is, In the main, slower and more prolonged.
enteric nervous system (ENS)
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a quasi autonomous part of the nervous system and includes a number of neural circuits that control motor functions, local blood flow, mucosal transport and secretions, and modulates immune and endocrine functions. Although these functions operate in concert and are functionally interlinked, it is useful to consider the neural circuits involved in each separately.1 This short summary will concentrate mainly on the neural circuits involved in motor control.2 The enteric neural circuits are composed of enteric neurones arranged in networks of enteric ganglia connected by interganglionic strands. Most enteric neurones involved in motor functions are located in the myenteric plexus with some primary afferent neurones located in the submucous plexus. As in all nervous systems involved in sensory-motor control, the ENS comprises primary afferent neurones, sensitive to chemical and mechanical stimuli, interneurones and motorneurones that act on the different effector cells including smooth muscle, pacemaker cells, blood vessels, mucosal glands, and epithelia, and the distributed system of intestinal cells involved in immune responses and endocrine and paracrine functions.The muscular apparatus is organised in muscle layers made up of large collections of smooth muscle cells interconnected electrically via gap junctions to operate as larger functional mechanical units. The membrane potential of smooth muscle is driven to oscillate (slow waves) by a syncytial network of pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal) probably also via gap junctions.5 As the action potentials of the smooth muscles, and thus their associated muscle contraction, do not appear to propagate over long distances, the coordination of muscle activity over long distances is highly dependent on the spatiotemporal patterns of the slow wave generated by the pacemaker networks. The myogenic patterns of activity can support propulsive behaviour, for example in the antrum and in the duodenum. It is on this spontaneously active muscular apparatus that the enteric motor circuits play their roles in shaping different motor patterns.The neural apparatus is composed of a large number of enteric neurones that can be identified according to their location, neurochemistry, shape, projections, proportions, connections, and function. After intensive research from several laboratories over the past two decades, a full description of all functional classes of enteric neurones has been recently achieved in the guinea pig small intestine (fig 1).6 The strategy included the development of methods combining immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, retrograde tracing, neuronal filling, lesion techniques, and pharmacological analysis.
The enteric neurons:
PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONES
EXCITATORY CIRCULAR MUSCLE MOTORNEURONES
DESCENDING INTERNEURONES
There are several classes of descending interneurones that comprise about 7% of the total.
Physiology of Neuromodulation and neuromodulators. Difference between neuromodulation and synapse. Recent advances in neuromodulation, clinical application of neuromodulation.
Introduction to CNS Pharmacology, with Anatomy and physiology of CNS, mode of neuro-transmission via action potential and role of major neurotransmitter in the brain with drug design pharmacology of CNS drugs.
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Similar to The exciting and the control of neuron cognitive pathway (20)
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The exciting and the control of neuron cognitive pathway
1. The exciting and the control of neuron cognitive pathway
It becomesthe ownstoryof experiencingthe impairmentof twobasicsidesof neurobiological
functions,one relatedwith the chemical acquired deshinibition forthe cortical abstract area
motor andcognitive patternpathways,andthe otherconsistsin the same sponsorof one
pharmacological regulationmandatoryforcontrol the these pathways.
One consistsin the profuse generationof signalsfromsome point ( maybe raphe nuclei of
brainstem) intothe pathwaysthatrealease the thalamus fromthe basal ganglia,striatumand
pallidum, profusion originated since some externalextrastimuluson the psycological chilhood
learningprocess like some habitsrepetitive recorded betweenthesestructures, aswe studied
on Motor ModulationUnit .
The origins:Those extrastimuluswere competingamongextra-attentionfromsome other
external strictpatterns througharoundthe learningmodelsbasedprimaryover the areaof the
comprehensiontemporal neocortexincludingsome abstractfunction perceptionsexcited
increasingly originatedbasicallyinthe basicreceptorslike visual,auditoryorvestibularcells
intothat learningprocess,provoquingextrasignalsfromfrontal abstractandtemporal
comprehensioncortex,exciting fromthe inhibitionof the striatum onthiswaythe
desinhibitionof the inhibitionof the pallidumneurons( dompaminreceptors ) andalsotring
the thalamusbutsince otherabstract inputpathways.
In the normal consecutionof learninglife asaconsequence of those cyclingexigenciasof that
pathway, an occilatinginitiationof signalsfromthatthalamusorbasal ganglia( relatedwith
motor regulations) intrusive onthe voluntaryabstractfrontal areanormal signals,developed
these extrastimulations,resulting repetitive goingandbackwave of signals between Frontal,
Wernickand Basal gangliaareas. Thisimpairmentis expressedinthe obssesive tendencefor
incidence of workingortolike stayingcaptionsfrommuscles, vestibular,auditionand eyes (
the same sensationof stresswhenwe are pressedforculminatingsomething experiencingthe
desire fordrinkor to eatsearchingcalm).
The secondfunctionis chemical:the consequence of helpingdosis of treatmentforconvulsive
obssesive syndrome whichin thiscase istreatedwith aninhibatorof the receptorsof central
nervoussystem:dopamineandserotonine neurotransmitters, presentedonthe Motor
Modulation pathwaydescriptedbefore, avoidingbothto reachto interactwiththe receptors
of the dendrites ( Neuron-transmission andNeuroanatomy Units) of the followingneurons of
basal gangliaand the thalamuswhere those pathwaysubstances workselon ,whenthe
pathwayfromfrontal and motorareas of the neocortex produce andreceivesignals
respectevely.
It resultsan interuptionof the desinhibition of thalamusand specially the inhibitionof basal
gangliaenchargedof the developof chunksinitiatedby certainsignalsfromfrontal neocortex
and the voluntarytemporal motorneocortex around Wernick´sárea( Abstract Unit) whichin
thiscase theyare compulsive; resultingalsothistreatmentthe desirablecontrol of the back
and go stimuluspathwayof those abstractandmotor pathways,exprressedinimpaired
thoughtsthat can produce some imsomniaatnight,helpingcontinueconstantthougts
The chemical notwantedeffect wouldbe anextrastimulusonthe receptorsof musclessince
the heart , the tongue andotherfinal muscle fiberswhere the temporal motorneocortex
2. signalsend,when the complex of the motorareasignals canexcitate, because the
pharmacologyanthagonistof the receptorsonthe motorpathwaymakesthe basal ganglia
regulators remaininginhibitedacause of the same descartof theirneurotransmitters;then,
whenthe effectof thatprimarytreatmentevoluates insome hours,the excitatorysignalon
theirfollowingmotorneuronsorthe sympatheticnerves ( throughthe muscles) becomes
increased afterthatinhibitiondecreases andmakestostay the muscles a little spasmodic
because those neurotransmittersrelease withtheir neuron receptors onmuscleseachtime
theyreach to endtheirinhibitory pathwaythatcouldreachalsothe forebrainonfrontal or
temporal areaswhere the desirableeffectalsoapply.
This isthus the suministrationof complementarytreatmentforthe excitationonthe
sympatheticmetabotropicneuronsterminals thatcausesspasmodicmuscles,reduces the
nervousextrapiramidal sympatheticsignals,expressing the calmagainstspasmodicmuscles
excitedbythe clearreturnof the recpetionof the signalsreceptorsof the abstract, motor
thalamusandbasal gangliarespectevely.
Summary:Thiscase describesenterilytwoprocessthatjoinedwork functionsof the
coordinatedreaction whenthe MotorModulationishelpedbythe actionof some antagonist
of the neuroncommunication;presented inthose referencesfromthe same course;hoping
we couldcontinue trustinthe medicine science asacontributorof our selhhelp. Thank you.
External reference: Wikipedia
The raphe nuclei (Greek: ῥαφή, "seam")[1]
are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in
the brain stem. They have 5-HT1 receptors which are coupled with Gi/Go-protein-
inhibiting adenyl cyclase. They function as autoreceptors in the brain and decrease the
release of serotonin. The anxiolytic drug Buspirone acts as partial agonist against these
receptors.[2]
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to
act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets