1. Chemical Proper�es
It is a white crystalline compound that has a
dis�nc�ve odour
Phenols
Structure
Monohydric Phenol
Part - 2
Nomenclature
Classifica�on
Dihydric Phenol
Trihydric Phenol
Electrophilic aroma�c subs�tu�on Reimer-Tiemann Reac�on
Oxida�on
Reac�on of Phenol with zinc dust
Kolbe’s reac�on
Phenols
1) Nitra�on
2) Halogena�on
OH O
H
136 pm
1090
:
:
OH OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
CH3
OH
OH
Phenol
Phenol
Catechol
Benzene-1,2-diol
Hydroquinone or quinol
Benzene-1,4-diol
o-Cresol
2-Methylphenol
m-Cresol
3-Methylphenol
p-Cresol
4-Methylphenol
Prepara�on
From
Haloarenes
From
Benzenesul-
phonic acid
From
Diazonium
salts
From
Cumene
OH O
-
Na
+
OH
+NaOH
+N2+HCl
623 K
300 atm
HCl
NH2
-
+
N2Cl OH
NaNO2
+HCl Warm
H2O
O
-
Na
+
OH
Oleum (i) NaOH
(ii) H⁺
+CH3COCH3
CH3-CH
CH3
CH3-C-O-O-H
CH3
OH
O2
H2O
H⁺
1. Boiling Point-
* Phenols have higher boiling points in
comparison to other organic compounds
having equal molecular masses
2. Solubility-
* The hydroxyl groups are responsible for the
solubility of phenol in water
* The solubility of phenol decreases with the
increase in the size of the aryl group
Physical Proper�es
H - O - H - O - H - O -
R - O - H - O - H - O - H - O -
H
H
R
R
R
O O
H
H
O
R
H O
R
OH
NO2
OH
NO2
OH
Dilute HNO3
o-Nitrophenol
+
p-Nitrophenol
OH
Br
OH
Br
OH
Br2 in CS2
Minor
+
Major
273 K
OH ONa OH
COOH
NaOH
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
(salicylic acid)
(i) CO2
(iI) H⁺
OH
CHCl2
O Na⁺
CHCl3 + aq NaOH
Intermediate
benzoquinne
Salicylaldehyde
NaOH CHO
O Na⁺
H⁺ CHO
OH
OH
OH
+ Zn
H2SO4
Na2Cr2O7
+ ZnO
O
O
Phenol
Benzene diazonium
chloride
Aniline
Cumene
hydroperoxide
Cumene
