chemistry

1. CLASS- 12M
CBSE 2022
ALCOHOL,
PHENOL
& ETHERS
with **¥¥#
By Bharat Panchal Sir
*⇐÷⇐AB•BABDBB@≠T
%•→-•s••••gE¥É PBhharaattpaannehhaakssi.ir
bharatpanchal92
GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -
Chemistry Guruji2.0

2. Alcohols and Phenols : -
when a
hydrogen of aliphatic or
aromatic hydrocarbons is replaced by C- OH] group
then the compounds which are obtained are
called alcohols and phenols.
R-
H
OH
> R-
OH
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Alcohol
OH
>
¥-0M
Aromatic hydrocarbons Phenol
%• Also called Hydroxy derivatives of Hydrocarbons.
Classification of Alcohol and Phenols
•
On the basis of no -
of -
OH
groups -
t.
↓ ↓
Mono hydric Dihydric Tri or
polyhydric
City OH CH
,
- OH
CY,
-
OH
t.tk- OH
GH
- OH
08
or CH,
-
OH
[H #
OH
4%011
%
YE
-
OH
"
OH OH
G@BGG-oBharatPanchal-ChemistryGuruji2.o

3. → ,
primary ( t ) secondary (2) Tertiary (5)
CHS-
Ctf-
OH Ctf -
Ctf
-
CH
}
CH
}
- É%H}
tote
OH
•
Allylic Alcohols
In this type of alcohols .
-
OH
9804
is attached to the Sps hybridised carbon which
itself attached to a double bonded carbon atom
Ctg = CH-
CHA -
OH → Prob-
2- en -
1-01
•
Benzylic Alcohols :
In this type of alcohol the -
OH
group is attached to the Sps hybridized carbon
which itself attached to a benzene ring.
¥441
-
OH
→
Benzylic alcohol .
bharatpanchal92
•
Vinylic Alcohol :
In this type of alcohols -
OH
9804
is attached to a double bonded carbon atom.
C.Ha = CH -
OH → Vinylic Alcohol
NOMENCLATURE :
EH} 3,3 -
Dimethyl Benton -2-01
(
Hz -
G
-
GH
-
CH
}
↳Hs OH

4. "
B-
{µ,=§jcH,
-
OH
•
Draw the sing
Hex -1 -
en -3-01
3- Bromo -4 -
methyl cty.CH,
- CH
,
-
CH -
CH -_ CH
,
bent -3 -
en - 1-01
bharatpanchala
"
OH -
NOMENCLATURE
OF
PHENOL

5. •
structure of Alcohol and Phenol group :
142 PM 109
.
µ
"
c
&¥µ"Pm Ec
"
108.9
.
↳
136 pm
No "
The C- 0 bond length in bhenol is 136 pm which
is less than alcohol due to
(d) In phenol ,
lone pair of oxygen is
conjugation
with H bond of aromating ring and
acquire partial double bond character-
Iii) In phenol oxygen atom is attached to
spa hybridise d carbon .
Preparation of Alcohols :
•
From Alkenes :( BY Hydration of Alkene)
CH
]
-
CH
-
_ (
H2 + H -
O -
H
" +
pH
"
CH]
-
CH -
CH]
Poopan -2-01
when alkene react with water in the
presence of acid catalysed ,
then alcohol is formed.
On unsymmetrical alkene ,
when water
molecule is added ,
then product is formed
according to Markovnikov's Rule .
Mechanism :
H2O + H+ → Hz0+
step - I

6. >e- of + H¥É±H ÷ -
↑- E: + tea :O.
step 2 :
•
-
F-at + % :O.
÷.
:c -
¥.
Step 3 :
µ H H It
-
& -
& - É-
ii. + Ha :& →
-4-4--1%0?
+ A
•
By Hydro boration -
Oxidation :
3kHz-
CH -_
Ctf ) +
&B2H,
> CH]
-
CHA - CH
, } B
{
OH
-
+311202
3kHz-
(
Ha
-
(11-04)
+ BCOH) }
bharatpanchal92
when alkene react with diborane ( Batts) ,
then trialkid
borane is formed which gives alcohol by the oxidation
of Hack in the presence of sodium hydroxide.
From carbonyl compound :
•
By the reduction of aldehyde and ketones
Aldehydes and
ketones are reduced to the
corresponding alcohols
by hydrogen in the presence of reagent like
Pt ,
Pd,
Ni ,
Li AIHA ,
NABHA ele.
{In the presence of Pt/Pd we take Ha & rest
of these take QH
}
Go@GG-GBharatPaneha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o

7. R-
CHO + H2 R-
CHA -
OH
2. alcohol
Aldehyde
R -
G
,
-
R TH
,
R-
GH -
R
2. alcohol .
OH
•
From the reduction of carboxylic acid & ester
R -
f,
-
OH +4Gt] i R-
CH
,
- OH -1110
0
Carboxylic Acid Alcohol
R-
C
'
OR
'
+ 4TH]
"A ""
> R- CH
,
- OH + R-
OH
8
"
ester
Alcohol
•
From Grignard Reagent :
when grignard reagent react with
aldehyde and ketone , then alcohol is formed .
=c=%+ñ-Ñig-✗ >
[
%
-
orig-
× ]
Adduct
> gig
-
OH +
MGCOH)✗ '
yo
# =otR -
Mg
-
✗ →
H-GH-o.mg,
# H - CH -
OH
-1mg!%
k
formaldehyde 1. alcohol
*
%c=o+R-Mg✗
→
R-fgte-o.mg#Yr-cH-0H+Mg1ouk-2oalcohol
# Ketones give 3° alcohol r
R%=o + R-mgx-i.gs?i-omgxH--Hg-c-0H-iMg::..
3.alcohol

8. l
Preparation of Phenol
from Haloarenes
Chlorobenzene is fused with NaOH at
623K and 300 atm
pressure .
Phenol is obtained
by
acidification of sodium phenoxide
il ask
f- Nat ,0H
Fj + NaOH Foam I #
,
•
from Benzene Sulbhonic acid :
Benzene is sulphonated
with oleum and benzene sulphuric acid so formed is
converted to sodium phenoxide on heating with
molten sodium hydroxide
POSH
"
"
%:# i
"
¥
"
> EI
• from Diazonium salts :
A diazonium salt is formed
by treating an aromatic i amine with nitrous acid
( Manoa 1- HU) at 273K -278K . Diazonium salts
are hydrolysed to phenols by warming with
water or
by treating with dilute acids .
1^1112 Nano,
1%+6
'
11,0
2
> + Na -1116
, + Ha
"
/ warm
Aniline Benzene diazonium phenol.
Chloride

9. ofromcumenf.IN this method cymene is oxidised
in the presence of air then cumene hydroperoxide
is obtained .
Now it react with dilute acid ,
gives phenol and acetone.
Ftl}
OH
"
1-i
-
o-
o-
it
%
,
§;]
"+
, ] + CH
}
-
C -
CH}
"
◦
cymene cymene hydro
peroxide
Phenol Acetone
•
Physical Properties
Boiling Point :
the b.pt of alcohols and phenols increase
with increase in no .
of carbon atoms ( increase in Van
der Waals forces)
e.
g Boiling
Point of butanol is more than ethanol.
→ In isomeric alcohol,
the B. Pt decreases with increase
in
branching.
i. e B.pt follows the order
1° alcohol > 2° alcohol > 3° alcohol
[ Because of decrease in Van der Waal forces
with decrease in surface area]
→ The -
OH
group in Alcohols and phenols is involved
in intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding.
bharatpanchal92
-
pyo
-
H - - -
pyo
-
H - - -
p
-
H - - -
ri
-
H
R
" "

10. Solubility :
→
solubility of alcohols and phenols in water
is due to their ability to form Hydrogen Bonds with
water molecules .
→ The solubility decreases with increase in size
of
alkyl / aryl ( hydrophobic) groups.
%
-
H - -
-
Q -
H -
- -
-
H - - - O -
H
H R te
pm chemical Properties of Alcohols :
1. Rxn in which cleavage of -
0÷H bond takes place
2 Ran in which cleavage of -
( ÷ OH bond takes place
# Rxn in which
cleavage of - O-
H bond takes place
10 alcohol > 2° Alcohol > 3° alcohol
it Acidic Nature of Alcohol and Phenol
a) Rxn with Metal
Alcohols and phenols react with active
metals such as sodium , potassium and aluminium to
yield
corresponding alkoxide / then oxides and hydrogen.
2 R-
O -
H +2 Na → 2 R-
O - Na + H
,
pH
sodium alkoxide
ina
, +2 Na → 2
k¥ 1- Ha
Phenol sodium bhen oxide
,
OH
,0Na
¥1 + NaOH →
¥1 + Hao
sodium phenoxide
G@BGG-oBharatPanchal-ChemistryGuruji2.o

11. b.) Acidity of Alcohol -
The acidic nature of alcohol is due
to the bolar nature of
-
OH bond.
*µ In alcohol an e-0
releasing group f- CH
,
g
-
GH5) increase
the eo density on oxygen atom and decrease the polarity
of -
OH bond .
Due to this the acidic strength of alcohol
also decreases
Therefore the order of acidity of different
alcohol is as _ ..
R *
Ctf -
OH >
R "
CH -
OH > 2¥# OH
*
1° 2° R 3°
9. why alcohols are weak acid than cornball to water ?
AE In alcohol
,
alkoxide ion is
formed after removing H+
ion and in water hydroxide ion is formed after removing Htion.
But alkoxide ion is less stable than compare
to OH
-
ion due to the presence of more eo density
on oxygen atom .
Therefore,
alcohol act as weak acid than
compare to water.
R- 0÷H → R-
O
-
+ H+
Alkoxide ion ( less stable)
c) Acidity of Phenol :
phenol is more acidic in nature
than compare to alcohol .
bharatpanchal92
Reason :
The ionisation
of alcohol and phenol
takes place as -
R -
OH
,
'
R -
+ It -1
Alkoxide ion
PH
Fit ÷ É + "
+
Due to the
higher electronegativity of Sb
]
hybridised

12. carbon of phenol to which -
OH is attached ,
eo density
decreases on oxygen . This increase the polarity of
OH bond and result in an increase in ionisation of
phenols that that
of alcohols .
In alcohol ,
alkoxide ion is formed and in
Phenol , phenoxide ion
after removing H+ ion .
Phenoxide
ion is more stable due to resonance than compare
to alkoxide ion.
Therefore phenol is more acidic than alcohol.
g. Explain the
following observation -
o - and b- nitro phenols are more acidic than phenol.
Au.
No, being an electron withdrawing grouts when
present at ortho and bara -
positions withdraws
co density from benzene
sing thereby decreasing the
co density of OH bond and thus make the release
of proton easier.
H -
o Ñ → Ht +
o==niI-
p- niko phenol is
-
H
ni >
µ++Éy=ñ%.
O_0
0 -
nitrophenol
Also ,
the -
NO
, group intensifies the are charge of phenoxide
ion and thus , stabilise it and hence increase its acidic
strength as "
<
^"
s Éj
IN02
Hence ortho and para nibobhenol are more acidic
than phenol.

13. Esterification of Alcohol -
Rxn with carboxylic acid -
R-
f
,
-1011 + HO-
R R-
§
-
O-
R -1110
A aft Alcohol.
•
Rxn with Acid Chloride -
R -
ff
-
a + H- O -
R
P""dine
> R-
§
-
OR -1116
• Rxn with Acid Anhydride-
R- OH + R-
% _ R-
§
- OR + R- C -
OH
8
R -
§
•
Esterification of Phenol-
o - - CH
]
É
"
+
CH
,
-
§
-
ce ¥1 +116
phenyl acetate (esler)
phenol
1¥
"
+
CH
,
-
%
0 1- CH
,
-
§
-
OH
Phenol as
-
§
" %:*
'%
Acetic acid
Reaction in which cleavage 7 c- OH bond takes Place :
In this tube of reaction ,
alcohol behave as a electrophile
•
Rxn with Hydrogen Halide
R -
OH + HCl
2h42
7 R-
Ut
-
Hao
mixture of HU +2nA
,
→ Lucas Reagent
e-
g CH
}
-
CH
,
-
OH + tea
" %
, CH
z
-
CH
,
-
Cl

14. Lucas Test :
1
'
alcohol 2
'
alcohol 3° alcohol
fH3
CH]
-
CH
,
-
OH CH]
-
{F-OH CH
}
-
f -
OH
CH
,
HU HU
,
+
2nd,
+ +2mHz
HU
+
v
2h42
CH,
-
CH
,
-
Cl CH
,
-1%3-6 eats
+ Hao + tho
"% -
{µ,-
4
+ Hao
Turbidity Turbidity Turbidity
appears after
appears after appears
heating 5min .
immediately
Dehydration
Removing of water molecule from alcohol
is called dehydration of alcohol - It is an elimination
reaction in which cone.
Hasan,
Phosphorous Pentaoxide
CIOs) ,
Alumina ( Ako]
) is used for dehydration and
alkene is formed as product.
-
d- d- x > c- Cf -1110
Hasoy
i bharatpanchal92
The order of reactivity of different alcohols
3° alcohol > 20 alcohol > 1° alcohol.
GaB@0GBharatPanehal-ChemistryGuruji2.o

15. Mechanism of Dehydration of Ethanol :
Dehydration of ethanol in the presence of conc tyson
involve the
following steps :
step-1 Protonation of alcohol
H - É -
É -
÷+i+ fast ¥ -
E- %%
n te
te te
Protonated alcohol
( ethyl Oxonian ion )
step-2 Formation of carbocation
H H
a- ! _
"
is a - a-
%-
f.* +110
n te
step -3 elimination of Proton
H H
a- c
'
+
= Ctu + ut
h H
Ethene .
Oxidation -
oxidation of alcohol involve the formation of
carbon -
Oxygen bond with cleavage of an
'
O-
H
'
bond
and
'
C -
H
'
bond .
H÷&-
o H
→
YEO TH ,
* This process is also known as dehydrogenation
Primary Alcohol It is oxidised into aldehyde which is
further oxidised into an acid .
(Hy -
CH
,
-
OH Ctg -
CHO CH
,
- COOH
-
↳ °
Aldehyde Acid.

16. Secondary Alcohol
It is oxidised into ketone which is
further oxidised into acid
%
>CH -
OH + to] Kdr°Hhj = ◦
CH
,
-
% ° CH
] 36]
CH
,
- COOH 1- HCOOH
<
Tertiary Alcohol
It is not oxidised in ordinary
condition but in the presence of strong oxidising
agent,
a mixture of carboxylic acid is formed .
•
Dehydrogenation :
CH,
-
(
Hy
-
OH
↳
>
CH
]
-
CHO +
H2
(B)CH - OH ÷, MY-0 + H
,
CH
,
CH
]
'
ICH] alcohol, delve-
%
-
f
-
OH ay ,
¥2
'
In case of }
.
-
dration takes
{tg
Place .
CH
]
Rxn due to -
OH group of phenol
•
Rxh with Ammonia
bharatpanchal92
PH
+ NH}
# %%qo
2h42
Aniline
GeB@GGBharatPanchal-ChemistryGuruji2.o

17. •
Rxn With Zinc Powder -
*
+ 2h
?⃝
+ 2h0
Phenol Benzene
•
Rxn with Phosphorous Penta chloride CPUs)
got
+ Pus > + Poll
,
+ tell
Rxn due to benzene
ring of phenol
Resonance in phenol
As a result of resonance ,
electrophilic substitution
Rxn takes place at ortho and para position.
Nitration OH
dit- HNO
} ,
,
-
"°
-
+
b- nitro
278-288k ¥
in, ,
,
phenol
phenol 0 -
Nilrobhenol
PH "no HNO ]
,
"°
NO,
0 2,4,
6- Trinitrophenol
( Picric Acid )
"
Now
GoB@0GBharatPanehal-ChemistryGuruji2.o

18. Notch The ortho and basra isomers can be separated
by steam distillation .
o
-
Nibobhenol is steam volatile
due to intramolecular H -
Bonding ,
while b- nitro phenol
is less volatile due to intermolecular H -
Bonding which
causes the association of molecules
"
ii.
Ho -
E- No . . . .
Ho -
TIN . .
0 - Nitro phenol b- Nibobhenol
( intramolecular H-
Bonding ) ( intermolecular H-
Bonding )
Kolbe 's Reaction
Phenoxide ion is more reactive than
phenol towards electrophilic sub . reaction . Therefore
when phenoxide ion react with co
,
, then salicylic
acid is formed as a product.
This reaction is called
Kolbe's Reaction
OH PNA - COOH
NaOH
,
it COL
> Lot
-4 ii) Ht
2- Hydroxy Benzoic
Phenol Sod . Phenoxide
acid
Reimer -
Tiemann Rxn (salicylic Acid )
when phenol react with
chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide
then salicyl aldehyde is formed as a product .
This is called Reimer -
Tiemann Rxn .
ima
go
Na
CHU
}
+ NaOH
,
[
area,
NaOH
, jcH0
Enter
a
011 mediate
1¥
""
H - OH
f
Salicylate hyde

19. Halogenation
when phenol react with bromine in the
presence of Csa , CHU
,
or Cay at low tents,
then
ortho and bara bromo phenol is formed .
1011
OH
+ Br.
→
Éʳ+☐,
phenol 0 -
Bromo
phenol b- Bromo
OH 011 phenol
[
¥+3Bn → BY - Br
24,6 -
Tri bromo
@%)
1B,
phenol.
Oxidation :
oxidation of phenol in the presence of air with
chromic acid ( Madriz -11150*7 form benzoquinone
+0,
N%CK°7
> Benzo
11504
no quinone
Ethers (R-
O -
R ) bharatpanchal92
• The general formula of ether is Cn Han -120
◦
In ether two alkyl grouts are attached with the both
side of oxygen atom R-
O -
R
o Ether is also known as Anhydride of Alcohol . .
R-
OH + HO -
R → R -
O -
R + Hao
Ether ( Anhydride of Alcohol )
Types of
i.
Ethers
simple
'
ethers mixed
_
Ethers
CH
]
-
O -
CH
}
,
# 0
-5¥ 4115 - O -
CH
, ,
?⃝
-
O -
CH
]

20. Common & IUPAC Name of Ethers
structure of Ethers :
The bond angle btw (c- the)
is 111
'
due to repulsion between alkyl grouts,
which
are attached to oxygen atom
a.
141PM
CH}
4¥ CH
]
111°
Preparation of Ethers
•
By dehydration of alcohol
Has04
, CH2=CH2
CH
,
CH
,
OH 443k
Has04
413k
> GHS
-
-
O -
GH g-
GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -
Chemistry Guruji2.0

21. Mechanism
The formation of ether is SNI involving the
attack of alcohol molecule on a Protonated alcohol.
(f) CH
]
-
CH
,
-
'
H+ → CH
}
-
CH
,
-
H
( iil CH
,
CH
,
-
Oi
:
+ CH]
-
Ctf - → CH}
-
CH
,
-
TO -
CHA - CH
,
H
'
H
+ H2O
(Iii ] CH
]
-
city -¥-
CHI -
CH
]
→
CH
]
(
Hy -
O -
CHIEH
] + Ht
H
•
Williamson synthesis
when sodium or potassium alkoxide
are healed with alkyl halide,
then ether is too med .
takes place by SNL mechanism
R-
X + R '-
o -
Na → R-
¥ -
R '
+ Max .
fth
•
,
CH
,
CH
,
-
f- &
-
Na -1
1- CH
]
-
Bo → CH
]
- - C-
CH
,
+ NaBr
CH}
{H
]
In case
of 2
'
and 3° alkyl halides ,
elimination completes
over substitution .
If a 3° alkyl halide is used an
alkene is the only reaction product and no ether is too med
pH]
CH -
C -
Br + Nat_ - CH
]
→ CH
]
-
G- CH
,
+ Na Br -101011
3
I {H
]
4^3 bharatpanchal92 2- Methyl propane
phenols are also converted to ethers by this method.
" +
+ ctg-ctg.BR a- I
"
" ""
+ NaBr
Ethoxy benzene
sod.
Phenoxide

22. Physical Properties of Ethers
•
Ipi methyl ether and diethyl ether are
gaseous and other
ethers are liquid in nature .
•
7 Ethers are
lighter than water i. e density is less
than water .
•
) Ethers are highly volatile in nature.
•
) solubility ethers are partially soluble in water
and are
highly soluble in chloroform and Benzene .
a)
Boiling Point
The b.pt of ether is very less than
compare to isomeric alcohol because in ether
intermolecular H -
Bonding is not present .
The b.pt of ether is similar
to the molecular wt .
of alkane .
Chemical Properties
it Hydrolysis
↳ 0s -
O -
↳ He + Hao ,
'
Tsonga
& ↳ Hs-
OH
i; Rxn with
Halogen Acids :
HI ? H Br > HU 7 Hf
bharatpanchal92
# Reaction with HI :
when ether react with HI in
hot and cold medium ,
then different product is formed
H -
I
↳ Hs
-
O -
GHg- IF 2 Calls -
I 1-
Hao
I -
H
H I
↳ Hs -0 +
GHG
¥ ↳ Hs-
-
OH + ↳ Hs.
-
I
ethyl alcohol ethyl iodide

23. Note
when one
of the alkyl grouts is a tertiary group,
the halide ion is formed is a tertiary halide.
FH] fH]
CH
}
-
f
-
O -
CH]
1- HI CHI-
OH -1 CH]
-
C -
I
CH
]
thy
•
Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
-
OR group is ortho and bara directing .
Therefore
electrophilic substitution takes place on ortho
and para position of benzene ring.
✗
•
Halogenation
bharatpanchal92
PCH] PCH}
PCH]
+ Bra É
Br +
acid
0 -
Bromo
'
Br
Anisole
Anisole b-Bromo Anisole
(major)
r• Nitration
PCH]
OCH]
É%
""
+
Cone.
Has04
0 - Nitro ÑO2
Anisole p-
Nitro anisole
GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -
Chemistry Guruji2.0

24. ra Frieda craft Reaction
•
Alkylation OCH]
PCH]
+ cusa
É É"ʰ +
,
( S2 '
CH}
2- Methoxy 4- Methoxy
.
toluene ( minor) toluene
•
Acylation cmajor)
PCH]
CH
]
'
+ CH
,
Coo ¥ -
coats +
All]
'
COCH]
2- Methoxy 4- Methoxy
ace to thenone acetobhenone
Denaturation Of Alcohol
The commercial alcohol is
made unfit for drinking by mixing it with some
copper sulphate and
methyl alcohol .
Power Alcohol -
Absolute alcohol mixed with petrol
(
roughly in the seatio 20 : 80 ) is used in internal
combustion engines.
this is known as tower alcohol
mixing is done in presence of 1% benzene or 1% ether.
ALCOHOL ME TRY -
The determination of the percentage of
alcohol in a liquid ,
especially be alcohol is known
as alcohol metre .
T
o help in our
Journey , you
can donate

25. SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ALCOHOLS
1. Methanol ,
CH}
OH ↳ also known as wood stirk
preparation
By catalytic hydrogenation of carbon mono oxide at
high
pressure and temp .
in the presence of 2h0 -
ergo, catalyst
CO
-12112
2h0 -0203
> Ctg OH
200-300 atm
573-67319
Properties
•
it is a colourless liquid and
highly poisonous
•
It is completely soluble in water.
Uses
- It is used as a solvent for paints.
-
It is used for the manufacture of formaldehyde
-
It is used as an antifreeze for automobile radiators.
-
It is used for denaturing ethyl alcohol .
2. Ethanol (↳ Hs- OH)
Ethanol is mainly obtained commercially by fermentation
of sugar.
421122011 + H2O
Invertase
> (
6111206 + (6141206
↳1112 06 24 Mase
> 2GHs-OH
+2102
Ethanol
Properties
Ethanol is a colourless liquid
The
boiling point of ethanol is
higher than methanol .
USES -
-
as a solvent in paint industry
-
it is used as an antiseptic in the form of
rectified spirit .
-
in the preparation of a no.
of compounds
such as ether
,
acetic acid,
chloroform, iodoform,