Bone vertebrae

1. 1
Vertebrae-
Vertebral column
 Cervical (C): Lordosis
 Thoracic (T): Kyphosis (rib)
 Lumbar (L): Lordosis
 Sacral (S) (pelvic bone)
 Coccyx (Cx)
Intervertebral joints
Posterior
view

2. 2
Vertebrae-
 Vertebral Body; Vertebral foramen (canal)
 Vertebral Arch: Pedicle, Lamina, Process
 Vertebral notch: superior, inferior (intervertebral foramen)
Vertebra (Spine)
Upper view
Anterior
Posterior
Vertebral foramen (canal)

3. 3
Vertebrae-
 Vertebral Body; Vertebral foramen (canal)
 Vertebral Arch: Pedicle, Lamina, Process
 Vertebral notch: superior, inferior (intervertebral foramen)
Vertebra (Spine)
Anterior
Posterior
Upper view

4. 4
Vertebrae-
Vertebral foramen (canal) and spinal cord
Anterior

5. 5
Vertebrae-
Intervertebral foramen and spinal nerves
Anterior

6. 6
Vertebrae-
Anterior

7. 7
Vertebrae-
Anterior

8. 8
Vertebrae-
Vertebral
foramen (canal) Anterior

9. 9
Vertebrae-
Intervertebral
foramen
Anterior

10. 10
Vertebrae-
 Spinous process, Transverse process
 Articular process (facet): superior, inferior
Vertebral process

11. 11
Vertebrae-
Intervertebral joints
 Hyaline cartilage
 Intervertebral disc: Annulus fibrosus + Nucleus pulposus

12. 12
Vertebrae-
Cervical vertebrae
 Typical vertebrae (C3-C6)
 C1: atlas, C2: axis

13. 13
Vertebrae-
Cervical vertebrae: Typical (C3-C6)
 small body; large,
triangular canal; arch
 Transverse process:
end as post. & ant.
tubercle; foramen
transversarium
 Articular process: sup.
& inf.; sup. facet
 Short, bifid spinous
process; attachment
of ligamentum nuchae
Anterior

14. 14
Vertebrae-
Ligamentum nuchae

15. 15
Vertebrae-
Vertebral artery in
transverse foramens
 Through transverse
foramens of C1-6; but
no C7 (only for
accessory vertebral v.)
 Vascular insufficiency
during forceful rotation
of vertebral column

16. 16
Vertebrae-
Variations: transverse foramen and
vertebral artery
 mainly through C1-6; some through C7
J Craniovertebr Junction Spine 2015; 6: 30–35

17. 17
Vertebrae-
C1: atlas
 Sup. articular facet; with occipital condyle
 No body; No spinous proc.; Lateral mass:
ant., & post. arch
 Long transverse proc.

18. 18
Vertebrae-
C2: axis
 Dens (odontoid proc)
 Sup. articular facet; Inf. articular facet
 Body, pedicle; Spinous proc.; Transverse proc.
Body
Lamina
Anterior

19. 19
Vertebrae-
Assembling of C1 and C2
Lateral mass
Anterior

20. 20
Vertebrae-
C7 vertebra
 Large, long spinous process
 Caudal end of lig. nuchae as a landmark
 No vertebral a. through transverse foramen
Anterior Anterior

21. 21
Vertebrae-
Thoracic vertebrae: “typical” [T2~T10(9-11)] 1/2
 Body: larger than C-
vertebrae; round canal
 Upper and lower surfaces:
parallel to each other
 Spinous proc.: directly
posteriorly
 Vertical articular facets:
sup. facet faces posteriorly

22. 22
Vertebrae-
Thoracic vertebrae: “typical” [T2~T10(9-11)] 2/2
Articular facets for ribs
With rib head: sup. &
inf. costal demifacet at
upper & lower border of
body
With tubercle of rib:
costal facet on trans.
proc.

23. 23
Vertebrae-
Vertebra and rib
Anterior

24. 24
Vertebrae-
Vertebra T1
 Upper surface of
body: saddle-shaped
 Intermediate
between C and T
 Triangular canal
 Rib1 contact T1 body
only

25. 25
Vertebrae-
Vertebra T11-T12
 Single rib articular facet; no
rib articular facet on trans.
proc.
 T12: intermediate between
T and L
 Sup. articular facet:
resembles T-vertebrae
 Inf. articular facet:
resembles L-vertebre

26. 26
Vertebrae-
Lumbar vertebre: typical L1-L4
 Massive body; Small, triangular canal
 Short, square spinous proc.; sup. facet: faces medially
Anterior

27. 27
Vertebrae-
Lumbar vertebra: L5
 body: deeper anteriorly than posteriorly; lordosis
 Short massive transverse proc.; attached by ilio-lumbar lig

28. 28
Vertebrae-
Sacrum and Coccyx: Sacrum
 Sacrum (5)
 Transfer body weight from vertebrae to pelvis

29. 29
Vertebrae-
Sacrum: ant. surface
 Ala of sacrum
 Promontory
 Sacro-iliac joint:
articular surface
 4 ant. sacral foramina:
S1-4 ant. primary
rami

30. 30
Vertebrae-
Sacrum: post.
surface
 Sacral hiatus
 Median sacral crest
 Intermediate sacral
crest
 Lateral sacral crest
 Post. sacral foramina

31. 31
Vertebrae-
Coccyx
 Formed by 3-5
fused vertebrae

32. 32
Vertebrae-
Comparison of vertebrae

33. 33
Vertebrae-
Joints between adjacent vertebrae
 Intervertebral
disc: body
 Zygapophyseal
joint: facet

34. 34
Vertebrae-
Intervertebral disc
 between bodies, cartilaginous joint
Annulus fibrous (fibrocartilage) + nucleus pulposus

35. 35
Vertebrae-
Herniation of
intervertebral disc (HIVD)

36. 36
Vertebrae-
Lig. between adjacent
vertebrae
 body
Ant. Longitudinal lig.
Post. Longitudinal lig.
 lamina
Ligmentum flavum
 Spinous proc
Interspinous lig.
Supraspinous lig.:
ligamentum nuchae of
cervical region

37. 37
Vertebrae-
Ligmentum flavum
 Between laminae, elastic fibers
 posterior wall of vertebral canal; vs. post. long. lig.

38. 38
Vertebrae-
Interspinous lig.
 Between adjacent spinous
processes; membranous

39. 39
Vertebrae-
Supraspinous lig.
 cord-like; C7-S
 nuchal ligament

40. 40
Vertebrae-
Ligamentum nuchae: surface
anatomy

41. 41
Vertebrae-
Interspinous ligament

42. 42
Vertebrae-
Joints and ligaments:
right lateral view

43. 43
Vertebrae-
Joints between Axis, Atlas, and Skull
 No intervertebral disc; wider range of movements than other
vertebrae; dens as the center of rotation (“axis”)
 Large facet joint anteriorly: to bear weight

44. 44
Vertebrae-
Atlanto-occipital joints
 Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane ~ ant. long. lig.
 Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ~ lig. flavum

45. 45
Vertebrae-
Functions of craniovertebral joints
Nodding: atlanto-occipital joint
Shaking head: atlanto-axial joint

46. 46
Vertebrae-
Ant. atlanto-occipital lig.
 continuation of ant. longitudinal lig.

47. 47
Vertebrae-
Post. atlanto-occipital lig.: ligmentum flavum

48. 48
Vertebrae-
Atlantoaxial joints: cruciate (cruciform) ligaments
 = transverse lig. + sup. & inf. fibers to connect dens
to foramen magnum

49. 49
Vertebrae-
Tectorial membrane (ligament): posterior view
 extension of post. longitudinal lig.

50. 50
Vertebrae-
Tectorial membrane (ligament): sagittal view

51. 51
Vertebrae-
Review on Vertebrae
 Common features of vertebrae
Characters of C, T, L, S vertebrae
Typical vs. Atypical vertebrae for different levels
 Joints
Body, Lamina, Spinous proc.
Equivalent structures: between vertebrae,
vertebrocranial junctions

52. 52
Vertebrae-