The document discusses a webinar on opportunities for ecosystem-based adaptation in coastal and marine ecosystems. Specifically: - The webinar focused on approaches, tools, and methods to promote implementation of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries for managing coastal and marine fisheries under climate change. - Presentations covered climate change implications for fisheries, fostering adaptation through Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the Eastern Caribbean, and identifying issues for sustainable small pelagic fisheries management in West Africa using the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries. - The webinar provided an opportunity to discuss lessons learned and good practices for scaling up ecosystem-based adaptation in coastal fisheries management.

1. Opportunities for ecosystem-based adaptation
(EbA) in coastal and marine ecosystems
Scaling-up Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series

2. Scaling-up Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Scaling up Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors
(SAAS) Webinar Series
■ Webinar 1: Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the
agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
■ Webinar 2: Methods and tools to support the implementation
of ecosystem-based adaptation in the agricultural sectors
■ Webinar 3: Ecosystem-based Adaptation and National
Adaptation Planning: Opportunities for the Agricultural
Sectors
■ Webinar 4: Opportunities for Ecosystem-based adaptation in
coastal and marine ecosystems
■ Ongoing….
For more information: www.fao.org/in-action/kore/webinar-archive/webinar-
details/en/c/1105466/

3. Scaling-up Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Webinar Focus Questions
■ What are the approaches, tools and methods in place to promote the
implementation and scaling up of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries as
applied to the management of coastal and marine fisheries, in the context of
climate change adaptation?
■ What are the lessons learned and good practices available from the past and
ongoing experiences?
■ What are the opportunities and challenges for scaling-up and integrating
ecosystem approaches into planning processes targeting climate change
adaptation in general and ecosystem-based adaptation in particular in
coastal and marine fisheries?

4. Scaling-up Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Agenda
Tarub Bahri, Fishery Resources Officer & Merete Tanstad, EAF-NANSEN Programme Coordinator,
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Climate change implications for fisheries and the role
of the ecosystem approach to fisheries as support to climate change adaptation
■Iris Monnereau, CC4FISH Project Coordinator, FAO, Fostering climate change adaptation through
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the Eastern Caribbean
■Birane Sambe, Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) project, Identification of key
issues for the sustainable management of small pelagic fisheries in West Africa through the
application of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
■Nick Caputi, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Climate change
effects on Western Australian Fisheries
■Q&A
■Summary and closing remarks

5. Climate change implications for marine fisheries and
the role of the ecosystem approach to fisheries as
support to climate change adaptation
Tarub Bahri & Merete Tandstad
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department

6. 10 to 12 % World population
depend on the fisheries and aquaculture sector
±3 billion rely on fish as a source of animal
protein
+40 billion USD fishery net export revenue
Developing countries earn more revenue from fish exports than meat,
tobacco, rice and sugar combined
Facts and figures

7. Biophysical changes
from Global warming
& GHG
accumulations
Ocean currents
ENSO
Sea level rise
Thermal structure
Storm Severity
Storm frequency
Acidification
Effects on:
Production
Ecology
Fishing operations
Communities
Livelihoods
Wider society &
Economy
Impacts on:
Species composition
Distribution
Yield
Diseases
Coral bleaching
Calcification
Safety & efficiency
Infrastructure
Loss/damage to assets
Risk to health & life
Displacement & conflict
Adaptation & mitigation costs
Market impacts
Examples of climate change impacts on fisheries
Modified from Badjeck et al, 2010

8. Predicted effects on fisheries’ catch potential and
the need for adaptation
Where is Adaptation needed most?
© IPCC AR5

9. Preparing and responding to the impacts: adaptation to
climate change through broader vulnerability reduction
 Ecological, Economic and Social Resilience
• Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries and
Aquaculture (implementation of the Code of
Conduct for Responsible Fisheries)
• Ex. of management measures: livelihood
diversification, flexible access rights, public
and private insurance, technological
innovation
• Policy coherence across sectors (water,
agriculture, forestry, CZM, DRR/DRM)  planned
adaptation

10. Angola
Institutional Adaptations
• Incorporating uncertainty in management frameworks
• Flexible seasonal rights
• Mechanisms for redistribution of rights among neighboring municipalities
• Temporal and spatial planning
• Transboundary stock management
Livelihood Adaptations
• Diversify patterns of fishing
• Diversify livelihoods
• Improve quality: ecolabelling, post-harvest losses.
• Investing in aquaculture
• Sharing of property and risks among members of communities
Resilience/ Risk reduction
• Reinforcing natural barriers
• Improving safety at sea
• Integrating fisheries in disaster risk management frameworks
• Designing coast zones that permit movement of fish along with SLR
• Enhance insurance provision
INCOORDINATEDMANNER

11. What is EAF?
• Framework for Fisheries Management
• Holistic
• Participatory
• Based on three pillars of sustainability
• Reykjavik Conference
• WSSD implementation plan
• Can be used in different context
• national and regional
• inputs to cross-sectoral approaches or
EBA

12. ”An Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries strives to
balance diverse societal objectives, by taking
account of the knowledge and uncertainties
about biotic, abiotic and human components of
ecosystems and their interactions and applying
an integrated approach to fisheries within
ecologically meaningful boundaries.”
Definition and key features of EAF
Basic Objectives:
 Maintaining ecosystem integrity / ecological well being
 Improving human well-being and equity
 Promoting/enabling good governance

13. Consultationwithstakeholders
1. Initiation and Planning
Scoping and Baseline Information
Broad Objectives
2. Identify and prioritize Issues
Component Trees
Risk Assessment
3. Develop Management System
Set Operational Objectives
Select Indicators
Evaluation/Selection of Mgmt Options
4. Implement and Monitor
Execute Operational Plan
Formalize Management Plan
Review Performance
Report and Communicate
1 year
5-10 years
Bestavailableknowledge

14. EAF process: Issue Identification
Mananagement Unit
Ability to Achieve
Stocks
Non retained
species
General
Ecosystem
Community
National
Governance
External Factors
Ecological
Wellbeing
Human
Wellbeing
Regional
• Each category is further unpacked into sub-categories to serve as guidance
• The issues are evaluated in relation to agreed objectives and values
• Prioritization is carried out through risk assessment
• Towards a systemic approach
Climate Change

15. EAF: Opportunities to support climate change
adaptation
Use of the outcomes of the EAF processes in different context and settings, incl.
for ecosystem based adaptation
 EAF process will:
 identify key issues including in relation to climate change impacts
Formulate necessary management measures to undertake across the three
pillars of sustainability
 including actions needed to ensure that the system or the people adapt to
climate change.

16. http://www.fao.org/fishery/eaf-net/toolbox/en
Tarub.Bahri@fao.org - Merete.Tandstad@fao.org

17. Fostering climate change adaptation
through an Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries in the Eastern Caribbean
Iris Monnereau
Regional Project Coordinator
Climate Change Adaptation of the Eastern Caribbean Fisheries Sector (CC4FISH)
Project
FAO-Subregional Office for the Caribbean
Barbados

18. Fish consumption is
10-35 kg/capita
CARICOM countries
Fisheries sector employs
64,000 people directly
Fisheries sector employs
180,000 people
indirectly
Population highly
dependent on fishery
resources for livelihood
and food security -
especially the many
SIDS
Fish imports are
nearly half of
the fish
consumed in the
region
Fish exports
range
between 220
and 290
million USD

19. Challenges of the fisheries sector in the Caribbean region
 High levels of overexploitation: some 55 percent of the
commercially harvested fisheries stocks in the region are
overexploited or depleted and some 40 percent of the stocks are
considered fully exploited
 High levels of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing (20-30%)
 Impacts of coastal pollution (e.g. sewage and agricultural runoff)
Example: Sewage run-off in Barbados

20. On top: Climate change challenges for the
Caribbean fisheries sector
SST Coral
bleaching
Increasing
number of
high
intensity
hurricanes
Ocean
acidification
SLR coastal
erosion
Sargassum
influxes

21. Objective: To increase resilience and
reduce vulnerability to climate change
impacts in the Eastern Caribbean fisheries
sector, through introduction of adaptation
measures in fisheries management and
capacity building of fisherfolk and
aquaculturists
Budget: USD 5,460,000 (GEF funded)
Duration: 1 January 2017-31 December 2020 (4 yrs)
Partners:
Implementing agency: FAO
15,000
fishers in
project
countries
1,350 processors
and vendors in
project countries
Total 4,500
beneficiaries
Climate change adaptation of the Eastern Caribbean Fisheries
Sector Project (CC4FISH)
200
aquaculturists in
project countries

22. Builds core capability
— Interdisciplinary
— Ecosystem-based
— Learning, adaptive
Guided by system-
level understanding
(Component 1)
Assisted by core
capacity
development
(Component 2)
Driven by integrated,
adaptive, EAF plans
(Component 3)
Jigsaw of CC4FISH
1) Create better understanding and
awareness of climate change
vulnerability of the fisheries sector in the
Eastern Caribbean
2) Create resilience of fisherfolk, fisherfolk
organizations and aquaculturists
3) Improve governance
by mainstreaming
climate change
adaptation in
multilevel fisheries
governance

23. • Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
training (adapted to incorporate
Disaster Risk Management and
Climate Change Adaptation) in July
2018
• Fisheries and Aquaculture
Emergency Response (FARE)
training scheduled for September
2018 to support the
implementation of the fisheries
and aquaculture emergency
response guidelines
Strengthen institutional capacity at the regional and
national level to implement climate change
adaptation measures

24. Strengthened institutional regional and
national capacity on mechanisms to implement
climate change adaptation measures
 Incorporating EAF/CCA/DRM into fisheries plans,
policies, or legislation in (5) project countries
(incl. the outputs from VCA and sargassum activities)
 Developed of a “A Protocol to Integrate Climate
Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management in
Fisheries and Aquaculture into the Caribbean
Community Common Fisheries Policy”

25. Models describing fisheries abundance and accessibility
1. Model of sargassum growth,
abundance and transport
within the Atlantic North
Equatorial Re-circulation
Region (NERR) (prediction
model)
2. Model relationships between
sargassum events and key fish
landings (dolphin fish and flying
fish) is ongoing
3. Developing National Sargassum
Management Plans in 5 project
countries, Best practices guide
and provision of equipment
4. Communication material
2018
Blue: March 15
Green: March 31
Purple: April 30

26. Strengthened ICT capacity of
fisherfolk and fisherfolk
organizations
Further development of the
FEWERS sweep of apps developed
 Weather information
 Communication
 Photo sharing
 Emergency contacts
 Emergency procedures are video files
to ensure access to information at all
times
 Missing persons

27.  Improved Basic Fishermen
Training
 Safety-at-sea training and
provision of equipment
(reduce risks and improve
safety)
 Business skills training
(improve earnings and
savings and bookkeeping
records necessary to get
loans or insurance)
Building capacity and creating resilience of fisherfolk, fisherfolk
organizations and aquaculturists
Basic Fishermen training in St. Kitts
(Aug 2017)

28.  Improve food safety and
handling of fish products
(improve food availability,
earnings, decrease fish waste,
improve sustainability)
 Decrease fish waste and
improve income of market
vendors by improving
traditional smoking, salting,
and drying methods to extent
shelf life and quality and
improve earnings
Supporting improved and inclusive fish value chains

29. Aquaculture development in the region: seamoss farming
Seaweed farming activities: regional
workshop in Grenada in December 2018
attended by five countries
SLU has developed number of manuals
(and follow-up writing workshop):
aim is to improve production and
marketing (export)
Collaboration with TNC for SVG and
CANARI (write shop) for SKN (manuals
and business proposals, procurement
and export)

30. Aquaculture development in the region: Aquaponics
Fish farmers from Saint Lucia and Grenada have attended training
and learned from aquaponics farmers in Antigua and Barbuda.
Missions from technical expert from Rome to Saint Lucia and
Grenada for design and review of the aquaponics demonstration
farm facilities under the project, guiding the private sector and
government counterparts on technical and management matters.
Provide technical guidance and assistance in production phase of
the demonstration farms and household mobile units

31. Fishermen’s Learning Exchanges
• Document: “Perfecting the Art of
Fisheries Learning Exchanges (FLEs) for
EAF, CCA and DRM in the Eastern
Caribbean”
• Fish farmers from Saint Lucia and
Grenada have attended training and
learned from aquaponics farmers in
Antigua and Barbuda.
• Dominica trained SKN on Basic
Fishermen Training and manual
currently being adapted to SKN
• Two fishers of SKN to SLU (incl. coral
restoration, aquaponics
demonstration, visit to the Soufriere
Fishermen’s Cooperative on learning
exchange on climate change
adaptation activities)

32. Iris.Monnereau@fao.orgThank you

33. Identification of key issues for the sustainable
management of small pelagic fisheries in West
Africa through the application of the Ecosystem
Approach to Fisheries
By Birane Sambe

34. Objective of the presentation
Present an example of the application of the Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries in the development of a regional management framework
for pelagic stocks in the North Western African area (Morocco,
Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia)

35. Context
• Small pelagic stocks are among the most abundant in the CCLME area and
are widely shared between countries
They are:
• Strategically important resource for the sub-region both economically and
for food security
• Important for socio-economic development in Morocco, Mauritania, The
Gambia and Senegal
At the same time:
• They fluctuate over time both due to fisheries impacts but also due to
changes in environmental factors
An adaptive management system at the regional level is required that
reconciles the different management objectives of the region and which
also considers potential impacts (e.g. Climate change)

36. Small pelagics management framework with target
species
Scientific Name
Sardinella aurita
Sardinella maderensis
Sardina pilchardus
Trachurus trecae
Trachurus trachurus
Decapterus rhonchus
Engraulis encrasicolus
Scomber japonicus
Round Sardinella
Flat Sardinella
Sardina
Black Horse
mackerel
White horse
mackerel
Yellow horse
mackerel
Anchovy
Mackerel

37. Small pelagics management framework
Reasons of development of this management framework for small
pelagic fish in North-West Africa
• Ensure the sustainability of resources
• Maintain and even increase the contribution of small pelagic
fisheries to the national economy within the biological limits of
the resource
• Promoting good governance in the fisheries sector
• Preserving biodiversity and critical habitat for resources
• Ensure that the benefits of the countries are at least equal to the long-
term benefits to which they may be entitled in the absence of
collaboration
• Contribute to responsible fisheries management at the sub-regional
and regional levels

38. Solution: Identify key issues for management through
the application of EAF
Key stakeholders representing management,
research, non-governmental institutions and
fisherfolk came together to:
• Agree on overall objectives to be achieved,
and
• Identify issues to be addressed
to ensure sustainability of the small pelagic
fishery resources

39. Steps of EAF
Four steps of EAF were applied to develop
the management framework :
- Initiation and planning
- Identification and prioritization of
issues
- Development of a management plan
- Application and monitoring

40. MAIN ISSUES (RESULTS OF THE RISKS ANALYSIS)
Challenges, strengths and issues: identified according to 3
fundamental requirements in any ecosystem approach
• Ecological Well-Being (EW)
Bio-ecology
• Human Wellbeing (HW)
Socio-economy
• Ability to Achieve (AA)
Governance
Fishery
Ability to AchieveEcological Well-Being Human Well-being

41. Ecological Well-being : Priority issues
• Catches of juveniles of targeted species
• The high incidence of IUU fishing
• Uncoordinated Excessive Fishing Efforts
• Insufficient understanding or knowledge especially of
biological and environmental information affecting certain
stocks
• Potential adverse effects of various forms of pollution on
resources.

42. 1. Preserve habitats and biodiversity of resources
Operational objectives:
i) Undertake appropriate studies to characterize the impact of
environmental parameters on resource variability
ii) Improve knowledge on the impacts of climate change on small
pelagic fisheries in North-West Africa
2. Rebuild overexploited stocks and protect
threatened stocks
Ecological Well-Being : Management objectives

43. Human Well-Being : Priority issues
• The safety of fishermen at sea
• Lack of insurance for those operating in the industry / sector
• Limited access to credit institutions especially for artisanal fishermen
• Lack of lucrative alternative activity / employment
• The increase of conflicts, consequence of important migrations of
fishermen in the sub-region
• The use of whole fish, instead of discards and waste, in fishmeal
processing plants
• Insufficient fish consumption within some countries

44. Human Well-Being : Management Objectives
• Ensuring the economic viability and sustainability of small
pelagic fisheries
• Increase the value of small pelagic fish and their products
• Improve livelihoods, living conditions of operators and their
community
• Improve the contribution of small pelagic fisheries to food
security in the 4 countries
• Improve safety at sea for operators

45. Ability to Achieve : Priority issues
•The lack of or inadequate enforcement of fisheries
rules at national level
•The high incidence of illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing in the subregion and the absence
of dissuasive sanctions
•The absence of regional institutions and fisheries
management mechanisms

46. Ability to Achieve : Management objectives
• Strengthen legal and institutional frameworks for shared
stock management and promote compliance with
regulations
• Harmonize fisheries management measures in
accordance with international instruments
• Create effective synergies between the interventions of
the different partners with the fisheries
• Fighting IUU fishing in the EEZs of the four countries

47. CONCLUSION
• EAF approach helps to identify major issues to be
addressed in fisheries management.
• The application of the proposed management
measures should lead to the sustainable
management of fisheries.
• However it is necessary to evaluate the
implementation of the plan at any time in order to
consider events induced by factors that may be
related to climate change and take adaptive
measures.

48. Thank you for your attention
www.canarycurrent.org

49. Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) of Western
Rock Lobster:
taking account of climate change effects
Nick Caputi
Simon de Lestang, Jason How & Rick Fletcher
FAO webinar
25 May 2018

50. Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM)
(aka ESD & triple bottom line)
1. Ecological sustainability
• Rock lobster egg production
• Effect on protected species
• Climate change adaptation
2. Economic performance
• Maximum economic yield (MEY)
3. Social performance
• Employment: no. of vessels
• Explicit commercial & recreational shares
• Recreational catch rates
• local market

51. Western rock lobster
(Panulirus cygnus)
distribution

52. Rock lobster vessel

53. Puerulus collectors
forecast catches by zone, 3-4 years in advance

54. Rock lobster Puerulus settlement
• Recruitment prediction 3-4 years ahead
• Early management intervention
de Lestang et al. 2009

55. Catch v puerulus (3-4 yr before)
(included in stock assessment model)
0 20 40 60
0
1000
2000
3000
Lancelin (31 degrees)
Alkimos average puerulus (t-3, t-4)
Catch(t)
86/87
87/88
88/89
89/90
90/91
91/92
92/93
93/94
94/95
95/96
96/97
97/98
98/99
99/00
00/01
01/02
02/03
03/04
04/05
05/06
06/07
07/08

56. cpue
catch
effort
cpue
catch
effort
Catch, effort, catch rate Effort reductions &
quota management
• Effort reduced for sustainability
• Low catch maintained for ‘market’

57. Socio-economic: No. boats
Boats
Effort

58. Rate of warming (°C/year) 1951 – 2004
(Pearce & Feng, 2007)

59. Timing
of first spawning
• Water temperature
affects time of
spawning
• Egg stage during
spawning survey
• Larger lobsters
undertake double
spawning
Early
Late

60. Winter Storms: Rainfall (May-Oct)
• Storms affect settlement (Caputi & Brown 1993)
• 3 very low rainfalls occurred during low settlement period
• Decline in storms (rainfall) projected to continue

61. Breeding stock survey: 7 locations

62. Summary: Low puerulus settlement
• Cause of 7 years of low settlement
• Egg Production high in all areas
• Mismatch: early larval release (first spawning)
• Other climate change effects
– Changes in size of migration & maturity, growth
• Climate change implications
• Weakening Leeuwin Current
• Increasing water temp
• Decreasing winter storms
• Climate change adaptation
• Monitor environmental trends
• Monitor puerulus trends – proactive management
• Harvest strategy that is responsive to changes

63. Stock assessment model
(puerulus predicting recruitment)
Catch rate Egg production
Quota
6000 t
7000 t
de Lestang et al. 2016
6000 t
7000 t
Limit

64. Social: recreational fishery
• Formal recreation catch share allocation 5%
• Licences, catches, catch rates near record levels

65. Social: local market supply
• Historic catch of 10,000 t (~MSY)
• Export market: China (40% live), Japan, USA
• Price AUD$20-30 per kg
• Small local market
• Recent catches 6,000 t (~ <MEY)
• Export market China (95% live)
• Price AUD$50-70 per kg
• Little/no local market – too expensive
• ‘black market’ developing
• Additional local quota trial (2016/17)

66. FIRST FISHERY ACHIEVE MSC
ACCREDITATION
MSC Principles
1. Stock status/assessment
2. Ecosystem effects
3. Management/Governance

67. Sea lion - pot interaction: Sea lion
exclusion device
Campbell et al. 2008

68. Whale entanglements per season
WRL entanglements
Long-term
average
Normal
Modifications:
reduce surface
slack rope
Reduction in
surface rope
Catch quota:
12-month season
How et al. 2017
7.5 month season

69. Target: maximum economic yield (MEY)
‘Profit’ GVP
MEY
Optimum
socio-economic?
Historic
MSY
Harvest
Current
Harvest
• Fishery moved to MEY level of fishing
• MEY peak is ‘flat”
• What is socio-economic optimum?
Reid et al. 2013, Caputi et al. 2015

70. Optimal target: Upper MEY level
1. Ecological
Good egg production
Minimises ecosystem effects
2. Economic
Maximises profitability
Higher GVP within MEY range
Diversification of markets (local market)
3. Social
Good recreational catch rates
Recreational catch share achieved
Higher employment within MEY range

71. Questions?