Notes

1. MORAL AGENT

2. Part 1. A-NO.2
“Culture and its roles in moral behavior”
 Culture is learned as children grow up in society and discover how their
parents and other around them interpret the world.
 Observing or watching them, people develop a set idea what is right and
wrong, and what is acceptable and what is not.
 As humans, our behaviors are guided in party by set of social norms about
morality that forms a basic and important part of culture.
 A culture is a way of life of a group of people, and this so called “way of
life”.

3. Part 1. A-no. 2 What is cultural relativism?
Why is not tenable in
ethics?
Cultural relativism
 Cultural relativism refers to
not judging a culture to our
own standards of what is
right or wrong, strange or
normal. Instead, we should try
to understand cultural
practices of other groups in its
own cultural context.
Cultural relativism, for
example why certain cultures
eat different foods at different
meals.

4. Part 1. A-no. 2 Why is it not tenable in
ethics?
 Actually, culture is very relevant
to ethics, since most ethics is based
on cultural biases and values,
rather than some objectively
deduced and verifiable standard.
 So, ethics is generally relative to
the culture it is in. Even the axioms
often are. That’s why different
cultures have different ethics.
 If we remove cultural
backgrounds, we will have a very
different set of ethics than that in
any culture in world today.
 Which doesn’t mean everything a
culture says is ethical. Just that
most of ethics has a cultural basis.

5. Part 1 A. N0. 3
Are there an Asian and a Filipino understanding of moral behavior?
 With southeast Asian tradition is both tribal and animist, Hispanic catholic
tradition, and American and Japanese influences. Filipino culture is
becoming the foundation of the Filipino morality.
 Filipino as Asian are also collectivist who identify what is good and bad
through their relationship with their families, regional affiliations and per
groups. family basically determines moral behavior and what good Filipino
is.
 the set-concept as a moral person and moral standard are strongly tied
for the family interrelationship with others.
 even if there are many ethnic groups with distinct culture in the
Philippines so that the Filipino culture seem arbitrary, the selected popular
Filipino moral values or standard embody the local ethnic values.
 they have both the same Strengths and Weaknesses

6. TOP 4 CORE VALUES OF FILIPINO
MAKA-DIYOS MAKAKALIKASAN MAKABANSA

7. TOP 4 CORE VALUES OF FILIPINO
MAKA-TAO

8. Strengthens and Weaknesses
Strengthens Weakness
 HUMAN INTERACTION
opening yourself to others and feel
one with others dignity and respect
deal with them as fellow human
being.
 EXTREME PERSONALISM
always trying to give personal
interpretation to actions.
thank you with “but” (compliment-
criticism-compliment)
 FAMILY ORIENTATION
a genuine and deep love for family
-commitment and responsibility
-honor and respect
 EXTREME FAMILY
CENTEREDNESS
- Strong family protection good or
bad condition
 JOY AND HUMOR
- Filipinos have cheerful and fun-
loving approach to life’s up and
down, pleasant disposition, not only
to the Filipino charm but to Filipino
spirit.
 LACK OF DISCIPLINE
- relax attitude and poor
management
- Loves to take short-cuts or “palusot
system”
-Carelessness

9. Strengthens Weakness
 FAITH and RELIGIOSITY
- Faith in God
- Accepting the reality and
comprehend as a human created by
god *PAMPALAKAS NG LOOB*
 KANYA-KANYA SYNDROME
- self-serving attitude that generates
of everyone and competitiveness
toward others (status vs prestige)
- Personal ambition insensitive
common good

10. Part 1. B-no. 1
How is a moral character developed? The circular relation of acts that build
character and acts that emanate from character
 Moral is concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior or the
goodness and badness
 Moral are the prevailing standards of behavior that enable people to live
cooperatively in groups.
 Moral refers to what societies sanction as right and acceptable.
An example of moral is the commandment
 "Thou shall not kill" Another is "Slow and steady wins the race" teaching or
exhibiting goodness or correctness of character and behavior.

11. Part 1. B-no. 1
CHARACTER IS DEFINED AS "MENTAL AND MORAL QUALITIES DISTINCT
TO AN INDIVIDUAL"
 In other words, your character determines what kind of person you are
and what types of relationships you form in life.
 Your character determines how you value, treat and build trust with
others.
 Moral character is perhaps best described as the totality of a person's
disposition of characteristics that play a role in how the person, morally
speaking, behaves.

12. Part 1. B-no. 1
MORAL CHARACTER AS DISPOSITION
 Moral character is the disposition or the tendency to act or think in a
particular way in which a person can be held morally responsible.
 Moral character traits are relatively stable and reliable disposition and
those should be reasonably good predictors over time of an agent's behavior
if that agent is in a trait-relevant situation. But this not mean, however
that such traits must be exceptionless.
• For example, a single of dishonesty need not mean that an individual lack
generally character.

13. Part 1. B-NO.2
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
 Focuses on the emergence change and understanding of
morality from infancy through adulthood
 Develops across a lifetime and is influenced by an individuals
experiences and behavior when faced with moral issues
 Morals are influenced by social and cultural norms as well as
established laws
 Moral development has been suggested that it is a continues
process

14. How do we get the highest level of conscience-based
moral decision?
 Conscience is the part of the mind that makes you aware o your
actions as being either morally right or wrong
 We should first know the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg about
stages of moral development

15. Lawrence Kohlberg  was an American
psychologist best known for
his theory of “stages of
moral development”. He
served as professor in the
psychology department
school of education at
Harvard University.
Born: October 25, 1927
Bronxville, New York United
States
Died: January 19, 1987
Winthrop, Massachusetts
United States

16. Level and stages of moral development
Level 1. PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 1: obedience and morality
 Rules are fixed and absolute
Stage 2: individualism and exchange
 Judging actions according to individual needs
Level 2. CONVENTIONAL MORALTY
Stage 3: developing good interpersonal relationships
Stage 4: maintaining social order
Level 3. POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 5: social contract and individualism
Stage 6: universal principles

17. PREPARED BY GROUP 2
JAVINES
JAY-ANNE
LIMBO JHON
REY
LUMPAS RIAN
YSABELLE
MARTINEZ
EDDIE
ESPINO ANN
FLORENCE
LIGUTAN
DEXTER
ENVERZO
MARIBEL