McGraw Hill - Geography Ch 4 Lessons 1-5

1. Global Cultures
Chapter 4 // Lesson 1

2. Elements of Culture
• Culture – a way of life of a group of people who
share similar ways of thinking, believing, customs,
technology, and material items.
• Ex:
– Language -Art
– Religion -Government
– Daily life -Technology
– History -Economy
Culture Region – divisions in which people share a
similar way of life (including language, religion,
economy, and values.)

3. Language
• -key element in a culture’s development
• Used to communicate information and
experiences
• Also used to pass on cultural values and traditions
• Some regions have dialects – a local form of
language that differs from the main language.
– Includes differences in pronunciation and meaning of
words

4. Language
• Linguists are people who study languages
• Language families – large groups of languages
having similar roots
• Ex:
– Indo-European:
• English
• Spanish

5. Language Family Map
• Language family map -- mcgraw hill

6. Religion
• Religious beliefs vary significantly around the
world
– For many people, religion provides an important
sense of identity.
• Influences many aspects of daily life
– Practice of moral values
– Celebration of holidays & festivals

7. Judaism - Hannukah

8. Buddhism - Festival of Lights

9. Christianity - Christmas

10. Hinduism - Holi Festival

11. • Throughout history, religious symbols and
stories have shaped cultural expressions such
as literature, painting & sculpture,
architecture, and music.

12. •In all cultures, family forms an important
social group

14. • Most cultures are also made up of social
classes, groups of people ranked according to
ancestry, wealth, education, or other criteria.
• Ethnic groups – are made up of people who
share a common language, history, or place of
origin.

15. Government
• Governments help shape culture
– Maintain order within the country
– Provide protection from outside dangers
– Supply services to the people
• Categorized by levels of power
– National
– Regional

16. Government
• Categorized by type of authority
– Single ruler
– Small group of leaders
– A body of citizens and their representatives

17. Economics
• What people do for a living also shapes a
culture
– Farming
– Industry -etc.
• Geographers study how a culture utilizes its
natural resources to meet needs such as food
and shelter.

18. Cultural Change
•Internal factors
• new ideas, lifestyles, and inventions
• Spatial interaction
– war, trade, and migration
Cultural diffusion - spread of new knowledge
from one culture to another

19. Cultural Change in History
culture hearths - early centers of civilization
whose ideas and practices spread to
surrounding areas
-some of the most influential culture
hearths developed in Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan,
China, and Mexico.
- all had mild climates and fertile land
- all located near a major water source

20. Culture Hearths
• people migrated to the 5 culture hearths
because of these favorable conditions
• led to the agricultural revolution
–A major shift from food gathering to food
production
- surplus food led to the rise of new
civilizations and long distance trade
- this increased wealth which brought a need for
government

21. Cultural Change in the
Contemporary World
Information Revolution
• the internet makes it possible to share ideas
and practices easier across the world
• computer technology accelerates the spread
of cultural change
• migration has also cause cultural change
–religious, political, or economic factors

22. Lesson 2: Population Geography

23. Population Growth
• More than 7 billion people live on Earth
–expected to level off at 9 billion
around 2050
• 1000-1800 population grew slowly
• 1800 - 1950 population doubled
• 1950 - 2000 population doubled again

24. The Demographic Transition model
• demography - the study of populations
birth rate - # of births per year for every
1,000 people
death rate - # of deaths per year for every
1,000 people

25. natural increase : growth rate of
population
an area’s birth rate - death rate
migration - the movement of people from
place to place

26. The demographic transition model uses
birthrates and death rates to show how
populations in countries or regions can
change over time.
Death rates can fall quickly as a result of more
abundant and reliable food supplies,
improved health care, access to medicine
and technology, and better living conditions.
Birth rates decline more slowly because the
declines result from changes in cultural
traditions that can often take longer.

27. zero population growth - when the birth rate
and death rate are equal
Although birth rates have fallen significantly in
many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin
America over the past 40 years, they are still
higher than in the industrialized world.
Families in these regions traditionally are large
because of cultural beliefs about marriage,
family, and the value of children.

29. in lesser developed countries, the doubling
time can be 50 years.
in more developed countries, doubling time
can take up to 300 years

30. Challenges of Growth
-as the number of people in a community
grows, so does the difficulty in producing
enough food to feed them
- also, populations that grow rapidly use
resources more quickly (ex: water, housing,
clothing)
- uneven age distribution - some populations
have more children than adults, meaning less
people able to contribute to food production.

31. population pyramid - a diagram that shows the
distribution of a population by age and gender.
• some experts are pessimistic about the
effects of population growth
• others are optimistic that creativity and
technology will grow as the numbers do

32. In the late 1900s, some countries in Europe
began to experience negative population
growth.
• where annual death rates exceded birth
rates
• this encourages migration as countries
need more workers

33. Population DistributionP
physical distribution - the variations in
population that occur across a country,
continent, or the world.
• Almost everyone on Earth lives on less than ⅓
of the Earth’s land
–most people live near fertile soil, accessible
water, climates without extremes

35. Of all the continents, Europe & Asia are most
densely populated.
• Asia alone contains 60% of the Earth’s people
• Geographers determine how crowded a
location is by measuring its population
density
–how many people per square mile

38. • People are moving either from city to city, or
from rural to urban areas.
–urbanization
• urbanization happens when people seek
better jobs or lifestyles in urban areas (cities)
• About ½ of the world’s people live in cities
Pull factors - reasons for why people migrate
(religious freedom, job opportunities, etc)

39. Lesson 3: Political Geography

40. Features of Government
Our world includes nearly 200 independent
countries that vary in size, military might, natural
resources, and world influence.
Countries are defined by territory,
population,and sovereignty.
This is government.
-must make and enforce policies and
laws that are binding upon all people living within
its territory.

41. Levels of Government
Most large countries usually have several
different levels of government
• usually include a national or central
government, as well as the governments of
smaller divisions such as provinces, states,
counties (parishes), towns, and villages.

42. unitary system - gives all key powers to the
national or central government
-central government creates state,
provincial, or other local governments & gives
them limited sovereignty.
ex: United Kingdom and France

43. federal system - divides the powers of
government between the national
government and state governments.
-each level has sovereignty in some areas
ex:The United States
• a confederation is a loose union of
independent territories
ex: United States at first, Mexico, Australia

44. Types of Governments
“Who governs the state?”
3 major groups of government:
1.Autocracy
2.Oligarchy
3.Democracy

45. Autocracies
• oldest and one of the most common forms of
government
• most autocrats maintain authority through
inheritance or forced military power
dictatorship
• Saddam Hussein (Iraq)
• Adolf Hitler (Nazi Germany)
• Kim Jong Un (North Korea)

47. Monarchy
-form of autocracy
- king or queen has
supreme power
-inherited position
- absolute monarchs
have complete and
unlimited to power to rule (
Saudi Arabia)

48. Oligarchy - any system of government in which
a small group holds power.
Communism
most communist countries are oligarchies
ex: China
leaders in the communist party use military to
control the government

50. theocracy
• a government of officials believed to be
divinely inspired
• Islamic sharia law (North Africa & Southwest
Asia)

51. democracy - any system of government in
which leaders rule with the consent of the
citizens.
-Greek (demos - people) (kratia - rule)
-the key is that the people hold sovereign
power
representative democracy
• people elect representatives to make laws
and conduct government
–council, legislature, congress, or parliament

52. Geography and Government
How does geography influence a country’s
government?
• geographic areas can determine how political
units are drawn up
• democratic countries have entities based on
location in local bodies that might have
different laws

53. • geography influences governments as they
develop policy to provide people with goods
and services
• governments need to know where people
move, why they move, and how this affects
their relationship with the environment
• roads, bridges, power plants are examples of
things built based on population distribution

54. natural boundary - follows physical geographic
features such as mountains and rivers
ex: Mississippi River forms natural borders for
some U.S. states
• more defensible and easy to identify
cultural boundaries - divide two identifiable
cultures
ex: when Britain split India and created
Pakistan
• Muslims went to India, Hindus went to Pakistan

55. geometric boundaries - often follow straight
lines and do not account for natural and
cultural features
ex: Libya, Egypt, Algeria

56. Conflict and Cooperation
Global cooperation is frustrated by
• border disputes
• tensions over large territories
• multiple ethnic groups living one state
• competition for resources
• control over strategic sites
• nationalism

57. terrorism is a type of political conflict
• inspires fear and is any violent or destructive
act committed to intimidate a people or
government.
–not usually government supported
–ex: September 11, 2001 at the World Trade
Centers
Terrorism is usually carried out as to maximize
severity length of psychological impact

58. Alliances can be explored from a geographic
perspective
ex:
United Nations (UN) - international
organization who aims at facilitating
cooperation in international law, security,
economic development, social progress,
human rights, and world peace.

60. Lesson 4: Economic Geography

61. Economic Systems
Three Basic economic decisions:
1.what and how many goods and services
should be produced
2.how they should be produced
3.who gets the goods and services that are
produced

62. traditional economy - where habit and custom
determine the rules for all economic activity
• individuals are not free to make decisions
based on what they would like to have
• behavior is defined by elders & ancestors
ex: Inuit tradition (northern Canada) hunters
shared their food with the village
advantages: everyone knows their role
disadvantages: society is slow to change

64. market economy - individuals and private groups
make decisions about what things to produce
• consumers choose what products they will or
will not buy
• businesses produce more of what they see the
consumers want
this is based on free enterprise
• the idea that private individuals or groups have
the right to own property or businesses and
make a profit with limited government

65. In a Free Market system,
capitalism
-people are free to choose what jobs they’ll
have and where they will work
- people have the ability to make as much
money as they can
- government tries to stay out of business, and
there is great variety of goods and services

66. mixed economies - the government supports
and regulates free enterprise through
decisions that affect the marketplace.
• government’s main goal is to preserve the
free market by keeping competition free &
fair and by supporting public interests
• they also influence their economies by
spending tax revenues to support social
services

67. command economy - the government owns or
directs the means of production (land, labor,
capital (machinery, factories), and business
managers) and controls the distribution of
goods
These countries :
• distribute goods and services equally among
all people
• public taxes for housing and health care for
all people

68. Examples of command economies:
• socialism & communism, involve heavy
government control
• government decides what & how much to
produce
• lack freedom to make decisions or to foster
new businesses
• Soviet Union ( Russia), China, Vietnam

69. Economic Development
All the world’s economic activities are
classified into 4 types:
1. Primary economic activities
a. farming,fishing, forestry, mining
involve taking or using natural resources
directly from the Earth

71. 2.) Secondary economic activities
a.) use raw materials that are new
and more valuable than original raw
material
ex: manufacturing automobiles,
assembling electronic goods, producing
electric power, or making pottery

73. 3.) Tertiary economic activities
a.) do not involve directly acquiring and
remaking natural resources. These provide services to
people and businesses
ex: doctors, teachers, lawyers, bakers, truck
drivers, and store clerks
4.) Quaternary economic activities
a.) concerned with processing, management, and
distribution of information
ex: “white collar” jobs - education, government,
business, information processing, and research

74. Tertiary economic activities

75. Quaternary
economic activities

76. industrialization - the spread of industry
more developed countries - those having more
technology & manufacturing
ex: Canada & The United States
• most work in service or information
industries
• enjoy a high standard of living
• only a few need to grow enough for the food
for the entire population

77. newly industrialized have moved from primarily
agricultural activities to primarily manufacturing
and industrial activities.
• this transition often brings improvements in
socioeconomic development.
–ex: Mexico, Malaysia, and Turkey
less developed countries are countries that exhibit
the lowest levels of socioeconomic development
• agriculture remains dominant
ex:primarily in Africa, Asia, Latin America

78. Economies and World Trade
World trade is the exchange of capital, labor,
goods, and services across international
borders - involving import or export of goods

79. Factors Promoting a network of trade:
1. unequal distribution of natural resources
a. countries trade resources they have to get
resources they need
2.) differences in labor costs and education
a.) headquarters are often located in a
developed country, where as manufacturing or
assembly is locating in newly developed or less
developed countries

80. Difference between international and domestic
trade:
international trade is typically more costly due
to additional costs such as tariffs, time costs,
and costs associated with country differences
(language, legal system, etc)
emerging markets - nations with social or
business activity in the process of rapid
growth or industrialization
ex: China & India

81. Lesson 5: Urban Geography
The Nature of Cities
The Industrial Revolution ushered in a new
age of urbanization in the world’s history.
urban sprawl - spreading of urban
developments on land near a city
• Earth’s urban population is growing faster
than its rural population

82. • 82% of Americans now live in Urban areas
• more than ⅔ of people in Russia, Japan, and
Australia
this growth is due to connectivity
• the directness of routes and
communication linking pairs of places

84. The Function of Cities
The first cities were established about 5,000
years ago, but it has only been the last 200
years that cities have grown significantly
At the start of the 21st century:
• 1 in 10 people lived in a city
By 2025:
• (it is expected) ⅔ of the world’s population
will live in urban areas

85. • all cities serve a variety of functions ( special
purposes)
• the larger the city, the more functions it will
have. These functions will also have more
variety.
Larger city functions:
• manufacturing retail
• service centers

86. Cities also tend to be centers of culture and
creativity
-artists, musicians, architects,
philosophers, scientist, and writers navigate
toward cities

87. Urban areas have advantages and disadvantages
advantage:
1.diversity of people encourages innovation
and creativity
disadvantage:
1.large populations mean overcrowding, crime,
poverty, conflict, and pollution
metropolitan area - a region that includes a
central city and its surrounding suburbs

89. The Structure of Cities
Urban structure is the arrangement of land use
in urban areas.
Concentric Zone Model
• based on Chicago, IL
-created by Ernest Burgess in 1924
- a city grows outward from a central point in
a series of rings

91. Sector Model
• proposed by Homer Hoyt in 1939
• a city develops in sectors instead of rings

92. Multiple Nuclei Model
• developed by C.D.
Harris & E.L. Ullman in
1945
• cities contain more
than one center
• different centers for
different activities

93. Patterns of Urbanization
Factors that grow population:
• navigable water sources
• sometimes mountainous regions (for
protection from enemies)
• available food sources or fertile farmland

94. Factors that shrink population:
• when industry is no longer needed, people
will move on
• ghost town
central place theory - a spatial theory in urban
geography that attempts to explain the reasons
behind the distribution patterns, size, and
number of cities and towns around the world.

95. Bodie,
California
<<<<<<<<
Centralia,
Pennsylvania
>>>>>>>

96. world city - a city generally considered to plan
an important role in the global economic
system.
• internationally diverse cultures
• active influence and interaction in world
affairs
• large population
• major international airport
• advanced transportation system

97. Istanbul, Turkey
New York City,
New York

98. Challenges of Urban Growth
urbanization involves more than population
growth
• economic, social, and political structures
Effect on Rural areas:
• insufficient land to grow crops
• not enough jobs to accommodate migrants
looking for employment

99. Effect on modern cities:
• addiction, crime, pollution, homelessness,
poor housing, gang violence
Urban Sprawl
• increases traffic
• uses up local resources
• destroys open space
• diminishes the local character of the