There are several methods for charging objects described in the document. Charging by contact involves transferring electrons between two objects that touch, such as a negative rod transferring electrons to a neutral sphere. Charging by friction occurs when two insulators are rubbed together, transferring electrons between them. Induction charging is a two-step process where a charged object polarizes a neutral one without direct contact, and then grounding the neutral object causes it to gain or lose electrons and become charged.

1. S
Methods of Charging

2. Charging Conductors by
Contact
A negative rod touches a neutral metal
sphere.
The sphere becomes negative due to a
transfer of electrons.

4. Tip
S The object becomes the same charge as whatever touched it.

5. Charging Insulators by Friction
When insulators are rubbed together, one gives up
electrons to become positively charged while the
other accepts the electrons and becomes negatively

6. Grounding
When a charged object becomes neutral as a result of
gaining or losing electrons via a connection to another
large object like the Earth.

7. Induction
This is a 2 step process:
1st – A neutral object becomes polarized.
2nd – The neutral object is grounded
causing the object to become
charged.

8. Example 1: using a negative rod

9. • The ground is then removed
while the rod is near.

10. now a

11. Example 2: using a positive rod
1st – the neutral sphere
becomes polarized
2nd – the neutral sphere
becomes grounded
Electrons enter the sphere since the
ground sees nothing but positive
charges and wants to make the
sphere neutral.
The final charge of the
sphere is negative.

12. Tip
S The once neutral object becomes the opposite charge of the charged object
(rod) that polarized it.