Hispania
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Hispania was initially considered by Rome solely for military and political purposes during the Punic Wars against Carthage, with Roman camps located along the eastern coast. Over time, Hispania became divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, governed by praetors in a primarily military rather than civil role. Further development saw the founding of colonies of retired soldiers, the collection of taxes, and growth of administrative infrastructure, increasing regional stability through formal treaties rather than glorious military campaigns.
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1) Rome was founded in the 8th century BC by Romulus and Remus on the Tiber River. It was built on seven hills and became a center of power in the Italian peninsula due to its strategic location and fertile soil.
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Ancient rome
The document provides information on various topics related to ancient Rome. It discusses the geography of Italy and how the fertile plains were used for farming. It describes the founding of Rome on seven hills and the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC. The republic was divided into three branches of government. It also summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus and the 200-year period of peace and trade known as the Pax Romana.
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World History Chapter 6: Ancient Rome and Early Christianity
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Rome- Geography, Republic, Punic wars notes
The ancient Romans originated from three groups - the Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans - who settled the Italian peninsula between 1000-500 BC. The Latins built the original settlement of Rome. In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew their Etruscan kings and established a republic where elected officials governed. Over time, the Romans conquered the Italian peninsula through their organized military. This led to conflicts with the powerful city of Carthage in North Africa in the Punic Wars from 264-146 BC, ultimately resulting in Rome establishing itself as the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.
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The ancient civilizations of Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians established colonies in Spain around 2000 BC to develop trade and utilize natural resources. The Romans then began conquering the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC and completed control by 19 BC, leaving a lasting legacy in law, language, and religion. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, the Visigoths took control of Hispania and established the Visigothic Kingdom, ruling until 711 AD from their capital in Toledo.
Ancient History
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The history of Spain spans from prehistoric Iberia through the rise and decline of a global empire to modern Spain as an EU member. After early settlements, the Romans conquered Hispania in the 3rd century BC and ruled for over 700 years, influencing Spanish culture, infrastructure and laws. Muslim forces then invaded the Iberian peninsula in the 8th century and established independent states collectively known as Al-Andalus for over 750 years. Christian kingdoms gradually reconquered the peninsula in a process completed in 1492 with the fall of Granada, establishing the modern nation of Spain.
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The document summarizes the rise of Rome from its early beginnings as a settlement located in a strategic position on the Italian peninsula. It describes the geographical features of Italy that benefited Rome's growth and the various peoples that inhabited the peninsula, such as the Latins and Etruscans, from whom the Romans adopted aspects of their culture and political organization. It then discusses the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC and Rome's subsequent military expansion throughout Italy and conquest of the Mediterranean, including defeats of Carthage in the Punic Wars that made Rome the dominant power in the region by 146 BC.
European middle ages upload
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the decline and revival of European cities during the Middle Ages. Factors that led to urban decline included Viking invasions, the Black Death plague, a decline in agricultural production due to warfare and early feudalism, and the Little Ice Age. Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, safer transportation enabling trade and commerce, warmer temperatures between 800-1300 CE which increased agricultural production and population, and a larger available labor force. The document prompts the reader to analyze and evaluate which factors were most significant in causing urban decline and revival.
Hispania unit 4
The document provides information on the various groups that inhabited the Iberian Peninsula prior to the Roman conquest, including the Tartessians, Celts, Iberians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians. It then discusses how the Romans conquered the region through the Punic Wars against the Carthaginians, establishing control over Hispania. Finally, it briefly touches on how the Romans introduced Romanization, spreading their language, customs, and culture throughout the newly conquered territory.
The roman empire_and_han_china
The Han dynasty of China and the Roman Empire both lasted approximately 400 years and had populations of around 50 million. Both built extensive road networks and developed complex bureaucracies to govern their large territories. However, the Roman Empire continually expanded militarily while the Han dynasty focused more on internal development and stopped expanding territorially once it reached a large size. Corruption and economic difficulties ultimately contributed to the collapse of both imperial systems.
10. A New Civilization Emerges
The document outlines the major developments in Western Europe during the postclassical period from the 6th to 15th centuries. It discusses the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, and the political advances and expansion under rulers like Charlemagne and William the Conqueror. It also examines changes like the growth of towns, trade, and universities, as well as increasing tensions in rural areas and signs of strain by the end of the medieval period.
The Spanish Empire
The Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula beginning in 218 BC, dividing it into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. From the 5th to 8th centuries, Germanic tribes invaded while Muslims conquered from the 8th to 15th centuries. The Reconquista by Christian forces began in 722 AD. The Hapsburgs ruled Spain in its Golden Age during the 16th-17th centuries, expanding its global empire through conquistadors like Hernan Cortes, who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. However, costly wars bankrupted Spain, leading to its decline as an independent Catalonia, Naples, and Portugal revolted in the 1640s.
Key Concept 2.2.2
This document summarizes complex social developments between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It notes that cities served as centers of trade, religion, and government for states and empires. Examples include Persepolis, Chang'an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Teotihuacan. It then focuses on Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great and was a major center of Hellenistic civilization and capital of Egypt for almost 1000 years. The document also discusses social hierarchies in empires, methods of maintaining food production and elite loyalty, and the continued shaping of gender roles and family by patriarchy in imperial societies.
Key Concept 2.2.2
This document summarizes complex social developments between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It notes that cities served as centers of trade, religion, and government for states and empires. Examples include Persepolis, Chang'an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Teotihuacan. It then focuses on Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great and was a major center of Hellenistic civilization and capital of Egypt for almost 1000 years. The document also discusses social hierarchies in empires, methods of maintaining food production and elite loyalty, and the continued shaping of gender roles and family relations through patriarchy.
Key concept 2.2.2
This document summarizes complex social developments between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It notes that cities served as centers of trade, religion, and government for states and empires. Examples include Persepolis, Chang'an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Teotihuacan. It then focuses on Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great and was a major center of Hellenistic civilization and capital of Egypt for almost 1000 years. The document also discusses social hierarchies in empires, methods of maintaining food production and elite loyalty, and the continued shaping of gender roles and family relations through patriarchy.
The Rome Empire : Rome From Village to Empire
This powerpoint presentation is about the empire of Rome , from the village to empire , from birth to death , from rise to fall. It contains the major events historical event that Rome has saw . It has included about the twelve roman code , the romans road system and ... e.t.c . I believe that this powerpoint presentation will help you to add some knowledge about the empire of Rome.
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Roman city dig, session 10, 2012: Late empire Roman coins, by Andrew Walsh
This document discusses the Roman Empire during the Late Empire period from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD. It describes economic and political instability during the "Crisis of the Third Century" that led Diocletian to split the empire into eastern and western sections. Constantine legalized Christianity and emperors attempted to address currency issues through reforms but faced challenges from coin clipping, debasing, and changing monetary standards.
Roman City dig, session 9, 2012: Nutrition in the Ancient World, by Kristin D...
Roman City dig, session 9, 2012: Nutrition in the Ancient World, by Kristin D...Ecomuseum Cavalleria
The document discusses evidence of Roman dining customs from archaeological excavations, artifacts, and literature. Excavations have uncovered nutritional remains, pottery, and preserved foods that provide evidence of animals consumed and preparation practices. Pottery types include kitchen wares, mortars, and amphorae used for storage and transport. Artworks depict table settings and market scenes. Literature such as cookbooks and writings from Pliny the Elder and Younger describe meal structures, menus, and recipes. The typical Roman meal pattern changed over time from breakfast, lunch, and dinner to breakfast, a lighter lunch, and dinner.Evolution of roman anchors
This document discusses the history and evolution of stone anchors from ancient times to the Roman period. It describes the various types of stone anchors including those with no holes, one hole, two holes, and classical anchors with three holes. Later, wood and stone were combined in composite anchors and metal elements like lead and iron were introduced. The anchors recovered from Caligula's sunken pleasure barges in Lake Nemi in the 1st century AD represent a transition period between wooden and iron anchors. The shapes of anchors can help archaeologists date shipwrecks.
Analysis of burnt bone by Alison Nicholson Session 9 2012
This document discusses the analysis of burnt bone to determine the circumstances of burning. It outlines several techniques used including: [1] examining bone color and fracture patterns to estimate burning temperature; [2] elemental analysis to detect staining from metals; and [3] other analytical methods to assess the degree of burning. Key factors investigated are temperature, time, presence of other materials, and location of burning to better understand how and why the bones were burnt.
Trepanation Presentation by Karrah Christenson Session 8 2012
The document summarizes evidence of trepanation, an ancient surgical procedure, in archaeological records. It describes how trepanation involved making artificial holes in the skull, often to relieve trauma, pressure, or illness. The practice has been found worldwide dating back thousands of years, with survival rates indicating it was sometimes successful. Recent evidence of a partially healed trepanation was discovered at an excavation site in Menorca, adding to knowledge of the procedure in prehistoric Talaiotic cultures.
Lead roman ships
Roman ships commonly used lead for various nautical purposes from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD. Lead was used for sheathing hulls from the keel to the waterline, caulking between planks, weighting anchors, and constructing bilge pumps. It protected ships from marine growth and leaks. Lead sheathing was typically 1 meter squares and 1.25mm thick, held on with copper tacks. Anchors had lead stock or assembly pieces to provide weight. Pumps had lead pipes and collecting boxes. Lead was an integral material for maintaining and operating Roman-era ships.
Roman city dig: session 7, 2012: Roman metals, by Geoff Tindall
The document discusses metals used in the ancient Roman world such as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and zinc. It describes how these metals were obtained from ores through processes like roasting and smelting. Important metal alloys of the time included bronze, brass, pewter, and steel. While iron could be extracted, the Romans lacked technology to cast or smelt it, so they used the "bloom" and forging process to produce wrought iron and steel. Bronze remained commonly used since it could be cast unlike iron. The document also notes the cupellation process used to separate silver from lead.
Roman city dig: Mosaic motifs, by Rachel Klaebe
Mosaics have been used as an art form since the 3rd millennium BC. They were used to create images and decorate buildings using small colored pieces called tesserae. During the Roman period, mosaics often depicted themes celebrating Roman gods or domestic scenes using geometric designs. Byzantine mosaics specialized in covering walls and ceilings, sometimes using special glass tesserae called smalti. Common Byzantine motifs included animals, emperors, and religious images. Several 6th century AD Byzantine-era mosaic sites still exist on the island of Menorca, including at Es Fornàs de Torrelló and Isla del Rei, though excavations at another potential basilica site have
Session 6, 2012: Roman jewellery, by Lily Wonham
Roman jewelry served both decorative and practical purposes. It was made from materials sourced throughout the Roman Empire, including gold, gems, glass, and locally available resources. Common jewelry items included brooches, fibulae, seal rings, cameos, and bullae worn by children. Higher class women wore more elaborate jewelry to distinguish their social status, as clothing did not vary greatly between classes. The quartz bead found on site was likely once part of a necklace worn by a higher class individual.
Sesion no. 5, 2012: Early Christian Catacombs, by Suzie Markland
Early Christian catacombs emerged in Rome in the 2nd century AD as underground burial places for Christians. The transition from cremation to burial and belief in resurrection led to the creation of the catacombs. They provided space for Christian burials and symbolism to strengthen the community. In addition to burials, catacombs were sites for pilgrimage and possibly refuge during periods of persecution.
Sanisera city powerpoint
The document summarizes Roman fishing methods near the ancient city of Sanisera between 123 BC to 650 AD. It discusses how the city's proximity to the ocean and port enhanced trade and provided a readily available food resource. The Romans used various sustainable fishing techniques, including hook and line fishing, seining with nets, casting nets, and traps. Archaeological evidence like fishing weights, amphora used to store salted fish, and intact fishing hooks provide evidence of Roman fishing at Sanisera.
Cremation presentation Marcelle La Croix
This presentation discusses the analysis of cremated remains through examining changes in bone color and fracture patterns. The presentation outlines 5 stages of bone alteration from burning, with temperature ranges and associated bone colors. Certain colors are associated with the presence of metals like copper or the burning environment. The maximum burning temperature can be estimated. References are provided on the topic of analyzing burned bone to determine burning conditions.
Pre roman vs roman glass Ashley Brennaman
The document summarizes the history of ancient glassmaking, beginning around 4000 years ago in Mesopotamia where glass was produced using sand, soda, and lime in a core forming technique. It then discusses the Phoenician glass trade through maritime bases in the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, exporting glass vessels and precious metals. Examples of pre-Roman glass artifacts are shown from archaeological sites in Spain and the Balearic Islands dated before the development of glass blowing in the 1st century AD in the Roman period.
Amanda Yano-Litwin Late Bronze Age in Menorca
The document discusses bronze, an alloy of copper and tin that was used in tools, weapons, armor and decorations during the Talaiotic Bronze Age period from 1200-800 BC unique to the island of Menorca. It describes a bronze tassel found in a chest plate that was likely ceremonial and worn by warriors as a grave good, and poses questions about whether the presence of bronze suggested rank or status, where the tin used to make bronze came from, what made Talaiotic warriors from Menorca unique, and if warriors held a special status in their society.
Session no. 4, 2012: Rebecca McKie: Roman villa’s and estates
Roman villas served agricultural, economic, and leisure functions. They ranged from working agricultural estates to luxurious retreats for elite Romans. Villas had residential, working, and storage areas. Many had extensive agricultural production, especially of wine and olive oil. Over time, villas incorporated more spaces for luxury and entertainment while maintaining an emphasis on farming and profit. Even as the Roman Empire declined, the villa system continued, with some becoming monasteries in the Middle Ages.
Construction of roman vessels
Roman merchant vessels were constructed using various wood types like pine, fir, cypress and cedar for the hull, oak for the frame, and hardwood like oak for treenails. They had rounded hulls or were flat-bottomed and were built using the shell first or frame-skeleton method, joining the frames using the mortise and tenon technique. Sails were made of linen, papyrus or byssus and the exterior was tarred wool covered in lead sheeting for protection.
Mediterranean piracy after the punic wars
Piracy has existed since ancient times and was at one point considered a legitimate form of business. The Illyrian people were famous pirates in the Mediterranean after the Punic Wars and operated light, maneuverable ships like the liberna that could outmaneuver heavier Roman vessels. Pirates did not always work alone but would sometimes cooperate and come to each other's aid. Romans eventually curbed piracy by taking pirate bases on land and confiscating their ships, such as in their conquest of the Balearic Islands in 123 BC.
The importance of underwater archaeological research
Three-quarters of the Earth's surface is covered by water, and beneath the oceans, lakes, and rivers lies a physical record of human history including shipwrecks, submerged cities, and other traces of the past. Most underwater archaeologists specialize in studying historic watercraft and nautical archaeology, but other submerged sites that are studied include sunken settlements and offerings placed in sinkholes or bogs. Laws require that underwater cultural sites be documented by archaeologists before being impacted by activities like development, fishing, drilling, or cable laying. Studying past shipwrecks has also helped improve maritime safety practices.
Cave archaeology and post depositional processes affecting taphonomy session...
This document discusses how post-depositional processes within caves can affect the taphonomy of human remains. It notes that caves can both aid preservation through their microclimates, but can also degrade remains through water flows and reuse over time. Specific post-depositional processes mentioned that impact archaeological remains include rock falls, bioturbation, soil effects, water tables, and fluvial processes. The document emphasizes that these natural cave processes can change how archaeological material is interpreted.
Session no. 3, 2012: Roman Imperial Coins, by Gustavo Trapp
This document provides a case study on identifying Roman imperial coins. It examines an obverse with the legend "THEODO" and titles, and a reverse with the inscription "VOT X MVLT XX". Analysis of mint marks and coin design indicate it was minted for Theodosius I in Cyzicus between 389-395 AD, during his 10th acclamation. The document also lists common titles and mint abbreviations found on Roman imperial coins to aid in identification.
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