By Dario Hidalgo. Senior Transport Engineer. EMBARQ. March 25, 2011. Naya Raipur, India.

1. Urban Problems and Perspectives Dario Hidalgo, PhD Director Research and Practice EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center forSustainable Transport Naya Raipur Development Authority UNDP-World Bank Raipur, March 25 2011

2. A successful urban transport system involves… Low travel times and travel costs Equal access to urban life opportunities Adequate support to desired form, size and density of the city-region Limited impact on the environment Reduced impact on public health: injuries, fatalities, respiratory disease, obesity London, England London, England

3. This implies a huge challenge as City population increases… Source: United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects, The 2005 Revision

4. Urban population in India is expected to double in a 30 year period India’s urban population will double in just 30 years Projected Source: O.P. Agarwal and S. Zimmerman “Towards Sustainable Mobility in Urban India”, Presented in the Annual TRB Meeting, Washington D.C. January 2008

5. and also… Number of vehicles increases faster than population following economic development Source: Lee Schipper, University of California at Berkeley, 2009

6. The number of motor vehicles is growing twice as fast as the population in India – mainly two wheelers (71%) Source: O.P. Agarwal and S. Zimmerman “Towards Sustainable Mobility in Urban India”, Presented in the Annual TRB Meeting, Washington D.C. January 2008

7. However, financial, institutional, physical resources are constrained

8. A very large burden is imposed on the society, especially the low income population Percent of the Gross Regional Product in Transport Externalities Source: World Business Council on Sustainable Development, 2001.

9. ¿What to do? Alternative 1: Capital intensive solutions Give greater capacity to the road network to relieve congestion Build massive rail transport systems (light rail- metro) USA Highway Photo: FPPQQ Alternative 2: Change paradigms Give priority to non motorised transport and bus-based public transport Restrict indiscriminate automobile use Amsterdam, The Netherlands Photo: FPPQQ

10. Capital & Land intensive solutions: highways

11. Infrastructure solutions lead to greater automobile dependence Greater use of automobile doesn’t mean greater economic productivity… Automobile dependence and Regional Economy Regional GDP per person (USD 1990) Automobile Use (Km/year per person) Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997

12. Automobile dependent cities spend more on infrastructure UnitedStatescitiesspendanaverage of US$122 MORE per year per personthan a peer cities in Australia, Europe and Canada and US$201 MORE than Hong Kong Road Infrastructure Expenses Annual road infrastructure budget per person (US 1990) Automobile Use (Km/year per person) Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997

13. Automobile dependent cities have more accidents Cities of United States have 66% more deaths in traffic accidents per person than peer cities in Europe and Asia, and 123% more than Toronto Road Safety Fatalities in Road Accidents per 100,000 population (1990) Automobile Use (Km/year per person) Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997

14. Automobile dependent cities have low densities (occupy large extensions) Persons/Hectare (1995) Automobile Use (Km/year per person 1995)

15. Alternative Solutions for Sustainable Urban Transport Pedestrian and Bicycles Public Transportation Transit Oriented Development Disincentives to Car Use Cleaner and Cooler Fuels and Vehicles http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG

16. Alternative solutions for sustainable transport Low cost High impact: reduction of accidents, pollution and travel times More compact cities, socially integrated Development of local industry Fast implementation (3-5 years from the idea to implementation) More attractive cities that ease location of businesses and professionals and urban development Santiago Manila London Sao Paulo

17. 1. Non motorised transport Pedestrian and bicycle priorities Recovery of invaded public space Infrastructure construction Promotion and incentives Safe bicycle parking Road safety LONDON Photos: DHG UTRTECH, THE NETHERLANDS Photo: FPPQQ

18. 1. Non motorised transport CARRERA 15, BOGOTA Photos: IDU ALAMEDA EL PORVENIR, BOGOTA Photos: FPPQQ

19. 2. Disincentives to indiscriminate car use Congestion charging: Singapore, London, Sweden, Santiago Administrative measures (plate restrictions) Parking controls Taxes (fuel, property) Citizens’ culture London Bogota, Sunday Ciclovía Bogota, no car day

20. 3. Transit- oriented development (TOD) Local scale: Nodes around stations Joint development: residental + commercial + education + entertainment Dense Housing (3-4 floors) with generous public space Helsinki Photo J. Kenworthy Zurich Photo J. Kenworthy Vancouver Photo J. Kenworthy

21. 3. Transit- oriented development (TOD) Copenhagen map Urban and regional scale: General principles Limits to urban expansion and generation of protected areas (zones that cannot be developed - ecological structure) Obligatory consistency between local detailed plans and transport plan Provision of public space in every new development and renovation Occupation indexes favorable to public transport use Incentives and bonuses for development of desired uses (instruments) Obligation to balance growth of employment and housing

22. 3. Transit- oriented development (TOD) Source: IPUCC Curitiba, Brazil

23. 3. Transit- oriented development (TOD) Curitiba, Brazil Source: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm

24. 4. Bus Systems

25. 4. Bus Systems High quality User oriented Fast Reliable Low cost Leeds, UK Sao Paulo Curitiba

26. BRT key components Centralized control Stations with prepayment and level access Distinctive image Exclusive bus lanes Large buses with multiple doors 26

27. BRT key components Centralized control Distinctive image Large buses with multiple doors Stations with prepayment and level access Exclusive bus lanes 27

28. Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

29. About 120 cities with BRT or bus corridors 4,335 km - 6,683 stations – 30,000 buses 26.8 million passengers per weekday 11 4 1 3 9 1 1 16 1 13 1 1 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 5 2 11 16 1 4 1 1 830 km 6 km 1 Source: CTS Brasil, EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

30. Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus Corridors in 2010, specially in developing cities 16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth) China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil, México, Perú, UK, Canada 21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses 1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth) 7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km 49 new cities with corridors under construction 16 cities expanding their corridors 31 new cities in planning stages

31. Bus systems are critical for energy independence in India 27% Less Energy as compared with 2030 BAU Schipper L. Banerjee I. and Ng W.S. “CO2 Emissions from Land Transport in India Scenarios of the Uncertain”, TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2009

32. It is possible for any city to transform itself into a sustainable city… Bogotá, Colombia, 1998

33. Bogotá has applied integrated policies for sustainable transport

35. Results are extraordinary… Total Public Transport Traditional Public Transport TransMilenio BRTS Fuentes: EncuestaAnual “Bogotá ¿CómoVamos?” www.eltiempo.com; Private (Car, Two Wheeler) Active Transport (Walking, Bicycle) Mainmode of transport 1998-2009

36. Fatalities have reduced 8% annually

37. “The EMBARQ global network catalyzes environmentally and financially sustainable transport solutions to improve quality of life in cities.”

38. ¡Muchas Gracias! Volvo Research and Educational Foundations