GASTRIC JUICE.pptx
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The document summarizes key information about gastric juice, including its components and functions. About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by glands in the stomach mucosa. It contains water, hydrochloric acid, pepsinogens, and intrinsic factor. Hydrochloric acid acidifies food and kills microbes. Pepsins are activated by hydrochloric acid to digest proteins. Intrinsic factor enables vitamin B12 absorption. Gastric juice is secreted in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. Secretion is stimulated by foods, hormones like gastrin, and vagus nerve signals. The stomach's functions include temporary food storage, chemical and mechanical digestion, limited absorption, and protection against micro
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This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
7. pancr secr.ppt
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions. Pancreatic secretion is regulated by both hormones and neural pathways. The hormones secretin and cholecystokinin are released in response to acid and fat in the duodenum and stimulate secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid and digestive enzymes, respectively. Together, pancreatic secretions aid in digestion by neutralizing acid and breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the small intestine.
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pancreatic secretions.pptx
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GASTRIC JUICE
This document provides information on gastric juice and its constituents. It discusses the anatomy and sections of the stomach, the cells and secretions in each section, and the composition and important constituents of gastric juice including HCL, pepsin, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor, and mucins. It describes the roles, regulation, and mechanisms of HCL secretion as well as factors that stimulate or inhibit it. It also discusses peptic ulcers, their causes, treatments, and the protective roles of prostaglandins and the gastric mucosal barrier.
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The pancreatic juice contains water and electrolytes secreted by pancreatic duct cells as well as digestive enzymes secreted by acinar cells. The enzymes include proteases like trypsinogen, lipase for fat digestion, and amylase for carbohydrate digestion. Secretin is released when chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acid. Cholecystokinin stimulates enzyme secretion from acinar cells to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Together, secretin and cholecystokinin regulate the exocrine pancreatic secretion in response to food in the duodenum.
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This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
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The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions. Pancreatic secretion is regulated by both hormones and neural pathways. The hormones secretin and cholecystokinin are released in response to acid and fat in the duodenum and stimulate secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid and digestive enzymes, respectively. Together, pancreatic secretions aid in digestion by neutralizing acid and breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the small intestine.
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pancreatic secretions.pptx
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions to aid in digestion. It secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypolypeptidase to break down proteins and amylase to break down carbohydrates. Lipase, cholesterol esterase, and phospholipase aid in fat digestion. Bicarbonate ions help neutralize stomach acid. The pancreas also secretes trypsin inhibitor to prevent premature digestion of itself by its own enzymes. Secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion when acidic chyme enters the small intestine.
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The document discusses the phases and regulation of pancreatic secretion. It describes three phases: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase. In the cephalic phase, acetylcholine causes acinar cells to secrete enzymes via parasympathetic stimulation. In the gastric phase, secretion continues in the same way. However, the enzymes from these first two phases generally are not released into the intestine until the intestinal phase. In this third phase, the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin are released in response to acidic chyme and fats in the duodenum. They work to secrete bicarbonate and digestive enzymes through the pancreatic ducts. Together, the endocrine and nervous systems regulate
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2. Tubular reabsorption where approximately 99% of the filtered load is reabsorbed, mainly through active transport of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
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Leukocytes or WBCs are the mobile units of the body’s immune defense system.
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WBC count: 5000 to 11000/ul of blood
GRANULOCYTES
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 60-70%
Polymorphonuclear eosinophils 2-3%
Polymorphonuclear basophils 0.4%
NON-GRANULOCYTES
Monocytes 5.3%
Lymphocytes 30%
Granulocytes and monocytes are formed and stored only in bone marrow
Lymphocytes and plasma cells are formed and stored mainly in various lymphoid tissue such as lymph node, spleen, thymus and tonsils as well as in bone marrow.
GRANULOCYTES
4 to 8 hours in blood and 4 to 5 days in tissues
MONOCYTES
Monocytes also have a short transit time:
10 to 20 hours in blood and In tissue they swell to much larger size to become tissue macrophages.
LYMPHOCYTES
weeks to months
neutrophil
. 60-70% of leukocytes
nucleus: 2-5 lobes
Counting the number of lobes and grouping them is called Arneth count.
Shift to left means (increase no of young and predominant WBCs) e.g During acute infection.
Shift to right means, old cells are predominant. e.g During recovery phase
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Typhoid
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Kalazar fever
Bone marrow depression by drugs and radiations
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Increase in neutrophils count
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- 1. GASTRIC JUICE Group members: Shafqat Mukhtar, Anum, Aiza
- 2. Gastric juice: About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by specialized secretory glands in the mucosa, it consist of:
- 4. FUNCTIONS OF GASTRIC JUICE Water further liquefies the food swallowed. • Hydrochloric acid (hcl) - (1)Acidifies the food and stops the action of salivary amylase. (2)Kills ingested microbes. (3)Provide the acid environment needed f or the action of pepsins. • Pepsinogens are activated to pepsins by HCL and by pepsin already present in the
- 5. o Intrinsic factor (a protein) is necessary for the absorption of Vitamin 812 f rom the ileum. • JCUS prevents mechanical injury to the stomach wall by lubricating the contents prevents chemical injury by acting as a barrier b/w the stomach wall and the corrosive gastric juice (HCL and Pepsins).
- 6. Secretion of gastric juice ® 3 phases of secretion of gastric juice 1) Cephalic phase - flow of juice occur before f ood reaches the stomach and is due to reflex stimulation of the vagus (parasymP.athetic) nerves initiated by the sight' smell or taste of food. Sympathetic stimulation e.g. during emotional stress, also inhibits gastric activity.
- 7. Gastric phase • When food enters the stomach(causing distension of stomach) is called gastric phase. • Presence of food in stomach stimulates enteroendocrine cells in the pylorus and duodenum secrete the hormone gastrin whi.ch passes directly into the circulating blood. • Circulating gastrin is supplied to the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands. to produce more gastric Juice, pepsin and hcl.
- 8. Functions of the stomach • These includes: T emporary storage allowing time for the digestive enzymes, pepsins,to act. Chemical digestion-pepsins break proteins into polypeptides. Mechanical breakdown. Limited absorption. Non specific defense against m icrobes. Preparation of iron for absorption. Production and secretion of intrinsic factors needed for absorption of vit.B12 Regu lation of the passage of gastric contents into the duodenum .
- 9. REFERENCE 1. Lamers CB, Borgström B, Dockray GJ. Gastric juice: a barrier to microbes. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 Feb;18(1):671-82. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2003.11.004. PMID: 15123084. 2. Hirschowitz BI, Worthington J, Mohnen J. Acid secretion in health and disease: assessment of gastric acid secretion by ambulatory pH monitoring. Am J Med. 1997 Apr 28;102(4A):19S-27S. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(97)80004-4. PMID: 9217592. 3. Sjöqvist A, Nylander O, Franzén L, Lönroth H, Lundell L. Duodenogastric reflux in the pathogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 Feb;18(1):173-83. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.001. PMID: 15123068. 4. Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, Gupta SK, Justinich C, Putnam PE, Bonis P, Hassall E, Straumann A, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology. 2007 Oct;133(4):1342-63. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.017. PMID: 17919504. 5. Waugh A, Grant A. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. 13th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2018.