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1. Mineral
metabolism

2. Daily Energy Expenditure
• The daily energy expenditure (DEE) includes
the energy to support our basal metabolism
(basal metabolic rate [BMR] or resting
metabolic rate [RMR]) and our physical
activity, plus the energy required to process the
food we eat (diet-induced thermogenesis
[DIT]).
• DEE= BMR (or RMR) + the energy needed for
physical activity + DIT.

3. Basal Metabolic Rate
• The BMR is a measure of the energy required to
maintain life: the functioning of the lungs,
kidneys, etc.
• The BMR was originally defined as the energy
expenditure of a person mentally and bodily at
rest in a thermoneutral environment 12 to 18 h
after a meal. However, when a person is
awakened, their metabolic rate is called the
resting metabolic rate (RMR).

4. Dietary Requirements
• Diet also provides us with specific nutrients that we need to
remain healthy.
• We must have a regular supply of vitamins and minerals and of
the essential fatty acids and essential amino acids.
• Essential means that they are essential in the diet; the body
cannot synthesize these compounds from other molecules and
therefore must obtain them from the diet.
• Nutrients that the body requires in the diet only under certain
conditions are called conditionally

5. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and
the Adequate Intake (AI)
RDA for a nutrient is the average daily dietary
intake level necessary to meet the requirement of
nearly all (97% to 98%) healthy individuals in a
particular gender and life stage group.
AI is a recommended intake value that is used
when not enough data are available to establish
an RDA.

6. Vitamins are the organic
compounds, which are not
synthesize in organism.
Vitamins present in the food in a
small amount.
Vitamins provide the most
important biochemical processes.

8. Most water soluble vitamins are available for
intestinal absorption from two sources:
1) the diet,
2) synthesis by microbes in the large
intestine.
These dual-origin vitamins include biotin,
folic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and
thiamin.
Niacin can be synthesized within the body
from tryptophan but is also absorbed in the
intestine from dietary sources.
Water soluble vitamins of dietary origin are
absorbed predominantly in the small
intestine, whereas those synthesized by
microbes in the large intestine are absorbed
there
How does the body absorb water-
soluble vitamins?

9. How does the body absorb water-
soluble vitamins?
B1 (Thiamine) is readily absorbed in the proximal small intestine, even though its two
transport proteins (THTR-1 and THTR-2) are found in the rest of the gut.
B2 (Riboflavin) is absorbed in the small and large bowel. The active transport mechanism is
not dependent on sodium or pH.
B3 (Niacin) is one of those rare substances that can be absorbed through the stomach wall.
B5 (Pantothenic acid) is absorbed in the small intestine by a Na+- dependent carrier-
mediated process, but in high enough concentrations it can sneak through by direct diffusion
as well.
B6 (Pyridoxine) is absorbed by a Na+- dependent carrier-mediated process. The colon also
has some capacity to absorb B6.
B7 (Biotin) is present in the diet as a part of protein, which means it does not become
available until it has been liberated by pancreatic peptidases. It is transported mainly in the
proximal small intestine, by an active sodium-dependent process (the transporter is referred to
as SMVT).
B9 (Folate) is absorbed in the proximal half of the small bowel by a proton-coupled pH-
dependent mechanism, through several different transport proteins.
C (Ascorbic acid) is actively co-transported with sodium by a brush border transport protein
SVCT1. The site of absorption is distal ileum.

10. Absorption of B12 is unique
B12 (Cobalamin) comes in a complex with dietary protein, and is usually liberated by the
action of pepsin in the stomach. It is then protected by being bound to Intrinsic Factor, a
glycoprotein that protects it from the lytic activity of upper GI enzymes. That is how it
makes its way to the terminal ileum, where it is absorbed

11. • These vitamins are not
absorbed directly into
the blood stream but
are in the small intestine
via chylomicrons,
transported through the
lymphatic system and
then released into the
blood stream.
How does the body absorb fat-
soluble vitamins?

12. • A is fat-soluble and ends up incorporated into
micelles, as well as being generated as the
product of carotenoids and retinyl esters which
are biotransformed in the enterocytes.
• D is absorbed by passive diffusion in the
duodenum and ileum.
• E is absorbed by passive diffusion in the distal
small intestine and ileum.
• K is absorbed by passive diffusion in the small
intestine
How does the body absorb fat-
soluble vitamins?

13. Adsorption of vitamins

14. The basic reasons of a
hypovitaminosis
● Insufficient amount of vitamins in food.
● Resection of stomach.
● Pancreatitis.
● Insufficient secretion of bile, the cholestasis.
● Use of the fat burners.
● The long use of an antibiotics.
● Diseases of intestine.
● Liver diseases.
● Disorders of hydroxylation, synthesis of the carriers of
vitamins.
● Kidney’s diseases.
● Hypoalbuminemia, bleeding.
● Use of anti-vitamins.

15. Classification of mineral substances in
human organism.
1. Macroelements ( Na, К, Са, Р, СI)
(above 1 mmol/l in blood)
2. Microelements (Fe, J, Zn, Cu ect.)
(less 1 mmol/l in blood)
3. Admixture ( Pb, As, Нg, Cr etc.)
(do not participate in biological reactions)

17. How does the body absorb
mineral substances?
• Sodium absorption is coupled to the transport of other
substances, virtually everything is co-transported with
sodium in the jejunum. In the ileum and colon, there are
other mechanisms, including transport by sodium/proton
transporters as well as the aldosterone-responsive
channels.
• Chloride absorption and sodium absorption are linked
in order to maintain electroneutrality. Chloride is usually
absorbed as the net result of the balance between channel-
mediated absorption and cAMP/ATP-gated channel-
mediated secretion.

18. How does the body absorb
mineral substances?
• Potassium absorption in the small intestine occurs by
unregulated passive paracellular diffusion. Absorption is
driven by the concentration gradient.
• Magnesium absorption is 90% by passive paracellular
mechanisms, and the rest is by saturable transcellular
facilitated transport. This mainly happens in the distal small
bowel.
• Calcium absorption occurs in the duodenum by active
transcellular process, and passively along the rest of the
gut. When calcium uptake is high or normal, paracellular
passive uptake that accounts for the majority of the
absorption.

21. How does the body absorb
water?
• Water has basically 100% oral bioavailability, and is
absorbed rapidly mainly in the small intestine.
• There is a constant water content in the bowel lumen
(1.5% of the total body water).
• As pure hypotnic water enters the body through the
mouth, it almost immediately becomes isotonic by
mixing with saliva, stomach juice and other fluids.
• Most of the absorption occurs in the proximal small
intestine. The movement of water across the gut
wall is osmotic, following the concentration gradient
of other actively and passively absorbed electrolytes.

22. Principles for analysis of fluid shifts
between ICF and ECE
Total body water
(0,6*body weight)
Intracellular fluid (0,4*body weight)
Extracellular fluid (0,2*body weight)
Interstitial fluid
(0,75*ECF)
Plasma
(0,25*ECF)

24. Effect of Environmental Temperature and Exercise on Water
Loss and Intake in Adults
Water loss Normal
Temperature
Hot Weather Prolonged Heavy
Exercise
Insensible Loss:
Skin 350 350 350
Lungs 350 250 650
Sweat 100 1400 5000
Feces 200 200 200
Urine 1500 1200 500
TOTAL LOSS 2500 3400 6700
WATER INTAKE
TO MAINTAIN
WATER
BALANCE
2500 3400 6700