The document presents a research proposal on studying the prevalence of Fasciola in cattle in Budhiganga Municipality of Bajura District, Nepal. The proposal outlines the topic, objectives to determine Fasciola prevalence by sex, age, feeding system, deworming patterns and body condition. It describes collecting 343 fecal samples from cattle to examine qualitatively for eggs using sedimentation. Data will be analyzed to compare prevalence between subgroups and determine significance. The study aims to understand Fasciola prevalence to increase awareness and milk production through improved husbandry practices.

1. WELCOME TO MID-TERM
PRESENTATION
PRESENTED BY
SUSHIL NEUPANE ADVISOR
INTERNEE DR. AMIR SADAULA
IAAS PAKLIHAWA CAMPUS VETERINARY OFFICER
RUPANDEHI, NEPAL NATIONAL TRUST FOR NATURE CONSERVATION
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2. TOPIC OF INTEREST
“STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF FASCIOLA IN
CATTLE OF BUDHIGANGA MUNICIPALITY
OF BAJURA DISTRICT”
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3. OUTLINE OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
 INTRODUCTION
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 RATIONALE OF STUDY
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
 DATA ANALYSIS
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4. 1. INTRODUCTION
 Fasciola is caused by fasciola hepatica and f .gigantica which are
commonly known as Liver fluke as their target organ is bile duct.( Soulsby,
1968)
 The disease is widespread throughout the country affecting all species of
ruminant livestock; including yaks and yakows of the Himalayas (Regmi,
Bista, Gaudel, Pokhrel, & Raut, 2018)
 F. hepatica occurs mostly in the temperate climates of Europe, North
America, North Asia, Australia and North Africa. F. gigantica is prevalent
in tropical environments and widespread through Africa, Asia.
 Both species are transmitted in livestock by the snails of the family
Lymnaeidae with potentiality to acute and chronic infection with expected
blood loss of about 0.2–0.5 ml/worm/animal/day (Khan et al 2009, 2011;
Nguyen et al., 2017)
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5. 1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 Parasitic infection cause great economic loss in livestock(Yadav et
al.,2004)
 Fascioliasis has negative impacts on weight, milk yield, and fertility
in ruminants.
 Due to fascioliasis around US $200 million per annum economic
losses in domestic animal occur ( Boray, 1967).
 According to MoALD, 2018 in 2016-2017, among 7.34 million
cattle ,only 14.01% are milking which produce 34.80% of total milk
production with individual average of milking cow 646.2 lit in that
year.
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6. 1.2 RATIONALE OF STUDY
 Through the research the prevalence of fasciola in Budhiganga
municipality of bajura district will be known.
 Farmers will be aware of fasciola and it will help to increase the
milk production if deworming will be done on appropriate time.
 To promote the husbandry practice in Budhiganga municipality.
 It will be baseline for further research on fasciola .
 It will help government and other stakeholder to take further steps
for improvement on husbandry practices .
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7. 2.OBJECTIVE
2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
 to determine the prevalence of fasciola in Cattle of Budhiganga municipality of
Bajura district.
2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
 to know the process of qualitative examination of fecal for fasciola diagnosis .
 to identify sex wise prevalence of fasciola in cattle of Budhiganga municipality of
Bajura district.
 to find out age wise variation of fascioliasis in cattle of Budhiganga municipality
of Bajura district.
 to find out prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle of Budhiganga municipality of
Bajura district under different feeding system.
 to compare prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle of Budhiganga municipality of
Bajura district under different deworming pattern.
 to compare prevalence of fascioliasis in Cattle of Budhiganga municipality of
Bajura district under different Body condition score.
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8. 3.LITERATURE REVIEW
 The prevalence of fasciola in Kailali, Dadeldhura, Bajura, Achham
and Baitadi was 49%, 43.73%, 49.75%, 32.45% and 40.57%
respectively in cattle (Shrestha, 1996).
 Yadav et al., 2015 found that in Mahottari and Dhanusa District of
Nepal the prevalence of fasciola in local breed of cattle was 51%
with mean egg 66 per gram.
 Sedimentation technique is better than floatation to quantify egg of
Fasciola ( Dorches, Ph., 2007)
 Mean losses of a 9% reduction in weight gain in growing cattle, 10%
reduction in milk yield (Schweizer et al., 2005).
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9. 4. METHOD AND METHODOLOGY
4.1 STUDY AREA
Sample will be collected from cattle of Budhiganga municipality in Bajura
district , Nepal.
MAP: Bajura District Source: Wikipedia
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10. 4.2 STUDY DESIGN
4.2.1 PREVALENCE STUDY
For this study, cattle of all age and sex group will be selected.
ss: required sample size=?
Z= reliability coeffiecient at 95% level of confidence=1.96
P=estimated prevalence =50%
d=level of precision 5%
Then, according to Daniel,1999
Sample size(ss)= [Z2P(1-P)]/d2
Now, sample size=385 for more than 10000 population or infinite
N(population of area)= 3125( national livestock statistics, 2017)
Corrected sample size= N×ss/(N+ss)= 343
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11. 4.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION
 A purposive cross sectional survey will be performed in rural pocket
area of cattle in non commercial and commercial herd of research
site.
 Fecal sample will be collected rectally by using hands as well as
from recently excreted fresh samples .
 Sample will kept in zipper plastic bag.
 Sample will be transported in lab by keeping in cool box( within 2-6
hour of collection) and kept in refrigerator until fecal test(within 7
days of sample collection).
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12. 4.4 LABORATORY EXAMINATION
For study of prevalence
4.4.1 Qualitative Examination
 Direct smear preparation: according to Soulsby 1968.
 Simple sedimentation technique as describe by Soulsby (1982).
 5-6 gm of faecal sample will be homogenized with 150-200ml tap water in
mortar and pestle and will be placed in 250 ml cheaper plastic cup, water
will be added and strained through tea strainer then sediment for 15
minutes.
 Supernatant will be discarded , again water will be added and sediment till
supernatant will be clear.
 Finally 1-2 drop of sediment will be taken in slide with the help of
transfer plastic pipette number 12 and cover with coverslip and will be
observed in microscope in 100X.
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13. 5. DATA ANALYSIS
 Prevalence = total positive sample by qualitative test
total sample(343)
Data will be entered in Microsoft excel 2013 and graphical
representation of result will be done .
The prevalence of Fasciola will be compared with dependent variable
by the help of Pearson chi square by calculating positive prevalence in
each category. With the help of one way ANOVA , P value of
subcategory of each parameter are significantly different or not are
recorded.
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14. VARIABLE SUB GROUP SAMPLE SIZE
AGE <1 YEAR
2 YEAR
3 YEAR
>3YEAR
SEX MALE
FEMALE
BREED LOCAL
IMPROVED
DEWORMING PATTERN 3/3 MONTH
6/6 MONTH
12/12MONTH
OCCASIONALLY
NEVER
PREVALENCE P VALUE
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15. VARIABLE SUB GROUP SAMPLE SIZE PREVALENCE P VALUE
GRAZING PATTERN INTENSIVE
SEMI INTENSIVE
EXTENSIVE
STAGE CALF
HEIFER
PRODUCTIVE
BODY CONDITION VERY THIN
SCORE THIN
GOOD
FAT
OBESE
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16. REFERENCES
 Anon. (1994). Cattle body condition scoring [Online], Available at:
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_GeneralAnimalHealthPests
AndDiseases/Animal-HD-Investigation-Condition-scores.pdf (Accessed: 32th july 2018)
 Black, N.M. and Froyd, G. (1972). The possible influence of liver fluke infestation on milk
quality. Veterinary Record 90, 71 –7
 Conceicao, MAP. Durao, R.M., Costa, I.H. and Costa, J.M.C. (2002) Evaluation of asimple
sedimentation method (modified McMaster) for diagnosis of bovine fascioliosisis.
Veterinary Parasitology 105( 2002). pp. 337-343.
 Dorchies, Ph. (2007). Comparision of methods for the veterinarydiagnosis of liver flukes (
Fasciola hepatica) in Cattle. Bulletin USAMV-CN, 64/2007(1-2).
 Mahato S.N., Harrison L.J.S. and Hammond J.A. (1993). Overview of fasciolosis- An
economically important disease of livestock in Nepal. Fasciolosis 2000 Nepal. Page: 13-17
 Soulsby EJL (1968). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of DomesticatedAnimals, 6th ed.
The ELBS and Bailliers, Tindle, Cassell, London, 788-791.
 Soulsby EJL (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of DomesticatedAnimals, 7th ed.
The ELBS and Bailliers, Tindle, Cassell, London, 763-766.
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17. THANK YOU
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