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2. ANTHRAX
SUBMITTED TO- SHYAMA DEVI MA’AM
SUBMITTED BY- IPSITA PADHI,
ROLL NO-25
BSC (HONS) NURSING 2ND YEAR (BATCH-2020)

3. OBJECTIVES..
 General objective- At the end of the discussion, students will be able to gain
knowledge regarding anthrax disease, its types and treatment and will be able to
demonstrate skill in hospital and community setting.
 Specific objectives- At the end if the class, the student will be able to –
1. Explain the anthrax disease condition and its types
2. Explain its causes and modes of transmission
3. Identify the at-risk population
4. Explain and identify its signs and symptoms
5. Describe uts prevention and treatment methods
6. Explain what symptoms to be considered at risk and report immediately.

4. WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

6. INTRODUCTION
 Anthrax is an acute infectious disease common to cattles, occuring
sporadically in men in 3 forms- cutaneous, pulmonary and intestinal, by
coming in contact with infected animals or animal products.
 It is derived from the greek word ‘ anthrakos’ for coal , because it
causes dark coal like spots on the affected areas.

8. Epidemiology of Anthrax

9. Agent – Bacillus Anthracis
• Gram positive
• Spore forming bacilli
• Non motile large bacilli
• Lab findings in culture
appear as ‘ bamboo stick’
• Its natural reservoir is soil,
doesn’t depend on animal
reservoir, thus making it hard
to eradicate.

10. Host
This disease occurs in persons who are
• Hide separators
• Tanners
• Butchers
• Wool sorters
• Mill workers
• Bone processors

11. Types of ANTHRAX-
 Cutaneous Anthrax – Caused when Bacillus Anthrasis spores
enter through cuts on the skin. This form accounts for over 95% of
anthrax cases.
Lesions usually occur on exposed skin and often commence with
itchiness.

13. Types (contd..)
 Pulmonary Anthrax- Results from breathing anthrax
spores into the lungs. Also known as 'Woolsorter’s disease’
Damage caused by anthrax spores and bacilli to the central
chest cavity can cause chest pain and difficulty in breathing.

15. Types (contd...)
 Gastrointestinal Anthrax- Results from ingestion of
inadequately cooked meat from animals with anthrax.
This form of anthrax is the rarest.
After the bacterium invades the bowel system, it spreads
through the bloodstream throughout the body, making even
more toxins on the way.

17. Why anthrax happens-
 Most human cases of anthrax occurs as a result of exposure
to infected animals or their meat or hides.
 Anthrax is common in livestock, and a potentially serious
infections disease in humans. The spores occur naturally in
soil, but becomes active only when it enters the body.
 It is more likely in countries that do not routinely vaccinate
animals against the disease.
 It cannot pass from one human to another.

18. Modes of transmission-
 Direct transmission – Through cutaneous contact with infected
animals or contaminated animal products.
 Indirect transmission – Through ingestion of contaminated or
improperly cooked meat.
 Airborne transmission – Through inhalation of air contaminated by
spores

19. Modes of transmission (contd...)
 Biting of flies that have partially fed on such animals.
 Contact with soil associated with infected animals or with contaminated
bone meal used in gardening.
 Accidental infections may occur among laboratory workers.
The disease spreads among grazing animals through contaminated soil
and feed , and among omnivorous and carnivorous animals through
contaminated meat or bone meal.

20. The Anthrax Cycle

21. Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax
 Cutaneous
Anthrax –
Small, pruritic,
non-painful
papule at
inoculation
site
They pass through the following
stages – papular stage, vesicular
stage and escher stage.
Symptoms include- muscle aches,
pain, headache, fever, nausea and
vomiting.

23. Signs and symptoms (contd...)
 Pulmonary Anthrax – Early symptoms
resemble those of a respiratory infection
such as mild fever and sore throat. Later
symptoms include increasing fever, dyspnea,
stridor, hypoxia and hypertension usually
leading to death within 24 hours.
Rhinorrhea is rare.
Meningitis may occur in 50% of patients.

25. Signs and Symptoms (contd...)
 Gastrointestinal Anthrax – It has 2
forms- oro-pharyngeal and abdominal.
Symptoms include fever, nausea,
vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal
pain, bloody diarrhoea and sometimes
rapidly developing ascites.
Abdominal anthrax is more common
than oro-pharyngeal anthrax.

26. Preventive Measures
• Humans protected by preventing disease in animals- veterinary supervision
and trade restrictions.
• Giving proper education according to disease and its causes and advise
them to take precautions.
• Giving vaccine according to the following rules- 3 injections at 2 week
intervals, 3 injections 6 months apart, and an annual booster.
• Sterilize wool, hair or hides or other feed af animal origin prior to processing.
• Do not eat meat that hasn’t been properly cooker or slaughtered.
• Control of dusts and proper ventilation in hazardous industries especially
those that handle raw animal material.

27. • Cell-free filtrate
• Licensed in 1970
• At risk- wool mill workers, veterinarians, lab
workers, livestock handlers, military personnel

28. Vaccination Schedule
 For pre-exposure vaccination, CDC recommends 5
intramuscular doses at 0, 1, 6, 12, and 18 months,
followed by annual boosters thereafter.
 For post-exposure vaccination, CDC recommends 3
subcutaneous doses at 0, 2, and 4 weeks in
conjunction with a 60-day course of appropriate
antimicrobial agents.

29. Treatment methods
 Penicillin has been the drug of choice.
 Doxycycline may be preferable.
Some strains are known to be resistant to
penicillin amd doxycycline.
 Ciprofloxacin was chosen as the drug of
choice in 2001. No strains are known to be
resistant to it.

30. Treatment methods (contd...)
 In pulmonary anthrax, recommended initial
treatment is an IV multi-drug regimen of either
ciprofloxacin or doxycycline along with one or
more agents to which the organism is typically
sensitive. Treatment should be continued for 60
days. Anti microbial therapy is also given-
chloramphenicol, clindamycin, rifampicin.

31. Any queries?

33.  What is the causative agent of anthrax?

34. Bacillus Anthracis

35.  What type of anthrax is shown in the given picture?

36. Cutaneous Anthrax