Indian National Congress, and All India Muslim League

1. British Laws:
1858-1947

2. Government of India Act, 1858
Its main features were:
 The Act transferred the control of India Government from the Company to
the Crown
 The title of Governor General was replaced with Viceroy (Lord Canning)
 The armed force of the EIC also transferred to the Crown
 Indian Council set up under the Secretary of State for India with a council
of 15 members to assist him

3. Government of India Act, 1861
Its main features were:
 The Executive Council of G.G was enlarged by the addition of fifth
member
 The G.G’s Legislative Council was enlarged by the addition of not less
than six and not more than twelve members. And half of these
members were to be taken from non-officials.
 The Legislative Council required his assent for bill to become an Act.
 The Act empowered G.G in case of emergency to issue ordinances for
the peace and good governance.

4. Indian Council Act, 1892
Its main features were:
 In the Central Council the maximum number of members was raised
to 16
 In the Provincial Council to 20 in major provinces
 And to 15 in the minor provinces.
 Proportion of non-official members was increased
 The members of the councils were given the right to discuss the
budget and to criticize it.

5. Minto-Morley Reforms, 1909
Its main features were:
 Governor General’s Councils was raised to sixty (60)
 Provincial Legislative Council raised to fifty (50) in Province such as
Bengal, Madras, Mumbai, UP
, Bihar and Orissa Councils
 The members of Burma, Assam, and Punjab increased to thirty (30)
 Separate electorate was introduced
 Parliamentary form of Government was introduced but its essence, the
responsibility of the Executive to Legislature, was absent.
 The act didn’t enfranchise woman. They were not given any political
status.

6. Government of India Act, 1919
 The reforms of 1909 didn’t have enough powers to the Indians
 The Executive was not responsible as per Parliamentary form of
Government
 The Indian were offered to have self-government if they support
British in the First World War The British didn’t payed heed to them
after the war.
Its main features were: On Next Slide

7. Its (1919) main features were
 The Act gave separate electorate to the Muslims and also extended to other
minorities, such as Sikh, Christians and Anglo-Indian Christians
 Central Legislature was bicameral, i.e., Council of States, and Indian Legislative
Council
 Dyarchy was introduced, i.e., a division of powers between the responsible
ministers and the irresponsible Executive Councilors.
 The tenure was fixed for three years, but extendable on G.G’s assent.
 The Provincial legislature were enlarged and 70% seats were ensured for
elected presentative
 Under this Act of 1919 a Statutory Commission was also to be appointed after
10 years to examine the working of the system and to advice for the future of
Indian Constitution.

8. Government of India Act, 1935
Its main features were:
 The Act provided for the ‘Federation of India’ comprising both provinces and states.
 The Act divided the India into 11 provinces and granted provincial autonomy
 Sindh was separated form Mumbai and Orissa from Bhiar
 Three list of subjects:
 The Federal
 Provincial
 Concurrent
 Dyarchy was eliminated from Provinces and introduced for Federal Government
 Separate electorate continued

9. Indian Independence Act, 1947
Its main features were:
 The British Government was to have no control over the affairs of the
Dominions, Provinces, or any part of the Dominion after August 15, 1947
 Until a new constitution is framed for each Dominion, the Act of 1935 will
be enforced
 Under Independence Act, 1947. Both India and Pakistan could modify
Indian Act, 1935
 Governor General had powers to adapt the Indian Act, 1935.
 The Act provided the termination of the supremacy of the Crown over the
India States

10. Indian National
Congress: 1885

11. Causes Behind-INC
 English, European literature/History; their struggle for freedom
 Araya Samaj
 Racial hatred against British
 Ilbert Bill-1882 and Nationalist Movements

12. Objectives
 To fuse into one nation whole of all the different elements that
constitute the population.
 To gradually regenerate along all lines, mental, moral, social, and
political, of the nation thus evolved.
 To consolidate the union between England and India, by securing
the modification of such of its conditions as may be unjust or
injurious to the latter country.

13. All India Muslim League:
1906

14. Causes behind AIML
 Urdu-Hindi Controversy: 1867
 Partition of Bengal: 1905
 Simla Deputation

15. Urdu-Hindi Controversy: 1867
Urdu
Hindi
Div Nagri

16. Bengal 1904

17. Partition of Bengal: 1905

18. Partition of Bengal:1947

19. Simla Deputation: 1906
Demands:
 Separate Electorate
 Separate University
 Weightage
 Full Representation in services/syndicates/and councils

20. Viceroy’s Response
He assured the Muslims that: “their
political rights and interests as a
community will be safeguarded by an
administrative reorganization.”

21. Cause/Objects of AIML
 Loyalty with British
 Protect/advance/represent the rights of Muslims
 Prevent hostility towards other communities

22. Minto-Morley Reforms, 1909:
Its main features were:
 Governor General’s Councils was raised to sixty (60)
 Provincial Legislative Council raised to fifty (50) in Province such as
Bengal, Madras, Mumbai, UP
, Bihar and Orissa Councils
 The members of Burma, Assam, and Punjab increased to thirty (30)
 Separate electorate was introduced
 Parliamentary form of Government was introduced but its essence, the
responsibility of the Executive to Legislature, was absent.
 The act didn’t enfranchise woman. They were not given any political
status.