This power point presentation is related with sedative and hypnotics chapter of pharmacology subject of second year d.pharmcy

1. 2. DRUGS ACTING ON CNS
C) SEDATIVES AND HYPNOTICS
Prepared by – Mr. Digambar Jadhav ( M.Pharm)
HOD
Padmini College of Pharmacy,
Dighanchi.

2.  INSOMNIA
 Def :- “ Insomnia means lack of sleep.”

3.  REASONS FOR INSOMNIA :
 Anxiety
 Stress
 Tension
 Pain

4.  SEDATIVES :
 Def :- “ These are the pharmacological agents,
which when administered relieve anxiety, stress
and tension by inducing drowsiness.”
 Sedatives only clams the patient without producing
sleep.

5.  HYPNOTICS :
 Def :- “ These are the pharmacological agents,
which when administered produces sleep
resembling to natural sleep.”

6. CLASSIFICATION OF SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS
A) Barbiturates :
1. Long acting : Phenobarbitone
2. Intermediate acting : Amylobarbitone
Butobarbitone
3. Short acting : Secobarbitone
Hexobarbitone
4. Ultra short acting : Thiopentone
Kemithal
B) Non-barbiturate :
1. Benzodiazepines : Chlordiazepoxide
Diazepam
Flurazepam
Nitrazepam

7. A) BARBITURATES :
 Pharmacology of barbiturates :
1. Sedation :
 Small dose of barbiturate is effective in reducing anxiety,
restlessness, nervousness.
2. Hypnosis :
 In large does barbiturates depresses CNS & produces
sleep resembling to natural sleep.
3. Anti-epileptic :
 Barbiturates effectively control convulsions of epilepsy.
4. Respiration :
 Barbiturates produces respiratory depression.

8. A) BARBITURATES :
 Pharmacology of barbiturates :
5. Cardio vascular system :
 Barbiturates produces fall in blood pressure &
decrease in heart rate.
6. On kidney :
 Barbiturate therapy results in decrease in urinary
output causing oliguria.

9. A) BARBITURATES :
 Side effects :
 Megaloblastic anaemia
 Oliguria
 Dependence
 Therapeutic Uses :
 As sedative, hypnotics
 As anti-epileptic agent.
 Pre-anaesthetics medication.
 As general anaesthetics
 In psychiatric disorders like anxiety.

10. A) BARBITURATES :
 Preparations :
Drug Trade name Dose
Phenobarbitone Gardenal
Luminal
30 mg, 60 mg tab, Oral
Butobarbitone soneryl 100mg tab, oral
Amylobarbitone Amytal 60 mg tab, oral

11.  BARBITURATE POISONING
 Causes :
 Drug automatism
 Accidental overdose by drug addicts
 Suicidal intention
 Symptoms :
 Marked excitement
 Renal failure
 Pulmonary edema
 Cardiac irregularities
 Respiratory failure

12.  BARBITURATE POISONING
 Treatment :
1. Hospitalization & gastric lavage
 If patient is conscious, & if within 4 hours after
ingestion, patient is hospitalized, vomiting can be
induced with syrup of ipecac or conc. Salt solution.
 If patient is unconscious , simple stomach wash &
removal of gastric contents is fruitful
2. Endotracheal intubation
 If respiration is slightly affected, oxygen can be
given by nasal catheter
 Endotracheal intubation is advised when
spontaneous respiration is inadequate & to remove
secreation

13. 3. Forced diuretic
 Diuretics like mannitol and furosemide are used to
increase excretion of barbiturate
Mannitol 100 ml of 25% solution
4. Alkalinisation of urine
 Alkalinisation of urine produces significant increase in
excretion of barbiturates. Sodium bicarbonate
3.5gm/50ml added to 1 litre of fluid administered
intravenously.
5. Prophylactic antibiotics
 To prevent infection, antibiotics are used only in case if
catheterisation is performed.

14. 6. Administration of intravenous fluids
 As during treatment diuretics are used that may
result in dehydration. In order to rehydrate the
patients, administration of intravenous fluids is
advised.
7. Peritoneal dialysis
 For promoting excretion of barbiturates.

15. B) BENZODIAZEPINES
 Benzodiazepines have a hypnotics action, &
produces natural sleep without hangover.
 All benzodiazepines relieve anxiety.
 Benzodiazepines are anticonvulsants.
 These agents are relatively less toxic.
 Preparations :
Drug Trade name Dose
Diazepam Valium, Calmpose 5-10 mg
Flurazepam - 15-30 mg
Nitrazepam - 15-30 mg