2. What is Spider Silk? 5. HISTORY 7. REELING PROCESS 9. TYPES OF SPIDER SILK 12. WHO INVENTED SPIDER SILK? 14. Genetically Engineered Spider Silk / Synthetic Spider Silk 16. Transgenic spider dragon silk 18. ARTIFICAL SPIDER SILK (BACTERIA) 22. ARTIFICAL SPIDER SILK (ph solution) 24. Man made SPIDER SILK (goat milk) 28. Properties 0f spider silk 32. END USES OF SPIDER SILK Check the videos on youtube: VIDEO 1: Milking a Spider | Richard Hammond's Invisible Worlds | Earth Lab VIDEO 2: Thomas Scheibel - Artificial spider silk VIDEO 3: A Simple, New Way to Spin Spider Silk in the Lab VIDEO 4: Making Stuff Spider Silk

1. BY :
S.DHANUSHREE
MFM 1ST YEAR

2.  Spider Silk is a natural fibre secreted by spiders for the
production of webs and egg sacs as well as transportation.
 Spiders use their structures, which function as nets to
catch other animals, or as nests or cocoons for protection
for their offspring. They can also suspend themselves using
their silk.
 The silk is secreted from glands inside the spiders
spinnerets, located on the back of a spiders abdomen.

5.  In the 1700s, French naturalist Bon de Saint
Hilaire presented a set of spider-silk gloves and stockings to the
French Academy. He was able to gather enough material by
promising his neighbours to pay the price of silk, pound for pound,
for the spider egg sacs abandoned in the corners of their cottages.
 Bon presented a spider silk garment to Louis XIV , however,
he was not nearly so impressed. Apparently, the material quickly
tore in every direction, a royal wardrobe malfunction that
humiliated the king.

6.  In the 1800s, France made another attempt to turn spider
silk into an industry.
 Paul Camboué’s, he became fascinated with the
Golden Orb Weaver in Madagascar.
 The Golden Orb Weaver is a striking creature. With its legs
extended, it’s the size of a human hand, and its webs are sized to
match.
 Its silk shines saffron yellow in the sunlight.
 Camboué invented a device to reel the spider’s butter-
yellow silk right out of its abdomen.

8.  The spider is placed in a wooden yoke, with its abdomen
protruding out one side, and its legs and head the other.
 With a light touch to the arachnid’s spinnerets, the
dragline adheres to your finger, ready to be reeled out.
 Although spider-silk weaving is a long-standing idea, this
odd device represents the first real attempt to industrialize the
process, to graft the living creature into a machine.

9.  Spiders produce silks, and a single spider can produce up to
seven different types of silk for different uses
Gland Silk Use
Ampullate (major)
Dragline silk—used for the web's outer rim and
spokes, also for the lifeline and for ballooning.
Ampullate (minor)
Used for temporary scaffolding during web
construction.
Flagelliform
Capture-spiral silk—used for the capturing lines
of the web.
Tubuliform Egg cocoon silk—used for protective egg sacs.
Aciniform
Used to wrap and secure freshly captured prey;
used in the male sperm webs;
Aggregate A silk glue of sticky globules.
Piriform
Used to form bonds between separate threads
for attachment points.

11. Video 1

12.  Kim Thompson
 The inventor of this technology, Kim Thompson, is the
founder and CEO of Kraig which was founded in April 2006.
Michigan, US.
 Kraig's ability to produce spider silk is cost effective, and
capable of producing a wide range of proteins and fibres and
materials.
 In 2010, the scientists discovered the first spider silk, which
was a great achievement, as it is one of the strongest natural
fibre.

13.  But the problem was that Spiders are cannibalistic and
territorial, so it is impossible to create a cost effective spider farm.
 To overcome this problem, scientists at Kraig Labs
developed a method for making spider silk from silkworms.

14.  Kraig has created approximately twenty different
genetically engineered spider silk fibres based on genetic designs.
 We use the term genetically engineered spider silk
instead of synthetic spider silk because these materials are not
synthetic; they are made by genetically engineered silkworms and
the fibre is composed entirely of protein produced naturally by
the silkworm.
 They are synthetic spider silks only in the sense that they are
not being produced by a spider, but by a much more efficient
organism

15.  Kraig’s lead product is a genetically engineered spider
silk known as Dragon Silk.
 Dragon Silk is spun by lines of our transgenic silkworms.
 It is composed of a unique combination of spider silk
protein and silkworm silk protein.
 The genetically engineered spider silks are significantly
stronger and more flexible than commercial grade silk.
 The extraction of silk from the dragon silk is same as that of
the silkworm.
 Kraig is also in the advanced development stage for its next-
generation spider silk product, tentatively known as SpiderPillar. It
will be an essentially pure spider silk.

18.  Since 1980’s the researchers have been working to recreate this
miraculous spider silk using GENITIC ENGINEERING and BIO-
TECHNOLOGY.
 From the genetic material of the spider, the piece of DNA
responsible for producing spider silk is copied and then inserted into the
genome of some bacteria.
 The bacteria produces the spider silk protein.
 And then it can be harvested.
 This idea sounds simple, but this had’nt worked for even after 20
years.
 Many researchers had tried and failed to fabricate spider silk protein
in this way.

19.  At last , PROFESSOR THOMAS SCHEIBEL , a biochemist found out the
way to fabricate silk protein.
 One day, when THOMAS was toying with the problem again , he came out
with an idea.
 The gene for spider silk consists of many individual DNA blocks.
 The researchers usually associate those with short additional DNA pieces.
 This creates a genetic copy that’s not quite exact – so every attempts fails.
 THOMAS suspicion was that the connecters were to blamed.
 So he left out the connecters, and found a way to connect the DNA of the
spider silk protein seamlessly.
 He called this as ‘SEAMLESS CLONING’

20.  But, the molecular tools for implementing this idea didn’t exist.
 Thomas Scheibel’s team 1st had to invent the method for seamless cloning by
themselves.
 Then they used the seamless DNA sequence in intestinal bacteria – hoping
they would go on to produce the spider silk protein.
 After 20 years of unsuccessful trials, THOMAS SCHEIBEL was the first to
recreate this coveted spider silk protein in a laboratory , but only a tiny bit of
it.
 To produce large quantities they needed a lot of bacteria.
 So, in a bio-reactor they produced large quantities of bacteria.

21. Video 2

22.  Anna Rising and Marlene Anderson are the researchers who found out that
spider silk can be produced by using pH solution.
 They disected the silk glands from the spider and used iron selective micro
electrodes (very tiny) to determine the conditions along the glands.
 Next, the protein of the spider silk was pumped into the low pH solution
and then the fiber is formed continuously as the protein hits the pH solution.
 The pH solution should be less than 5.0
 The solution used in the pH solution Na Ac ( sodium acetate ) and Na Cl
(sodium chloride)

23. Video 3

25.  Randy Lewis, a professor of molecular biology at the University of Wyoming,
invented the SPIDER GOAT SILK .
 The spiders’ dragline silk gene from an orb weaver spider is removed and
inserted into the goats and those goats would only make the protein in their
milk.
 These types of goats are called “TRANSGENIC GOATS”.
 The milk is milked from the goat .
 The milk collected, is then pumped on a viscolumns which has tubes in it.
 The tubes contains tiny holes on them, by which the protein (spider silk)
comes out and the fat (goats milk) remains in the tube.
 The highly concentrated silk protein is collected and is slowly injected into an
alcohol bath which causes the protein to turn into an actual spider silk.

27. VIDEO 4

28. MICROSCOPIC VIEW
- LONGITUDNAL VIEW

29. MICROSCOPIC VIEW
- CROSS SECTIONAL
VIEW

30.  STRENGTH:
A dragline silk's tensile strength is comparable to that of high-grade alloy steel (450−2000
MPa), and about half as strong as aramid filaments, such as Twaron or Kevlar (3000 MPa).
 DENSITY:
Spider silk is a much less dense material, so that a given weight of spider silk is five times as
strong as the same weight of steel.
 EXTENSIBILITY:
Silks are also extremely ductile, with some able to stretch up to five times their relaxed length
without breaking.
 ELASTICITY:
It has a good elasticity.
MECHNICAL PROPERTIES

31.  TEMPERATURE:
Dragline silks can hold their strength below −40 °C (−40 °F) and up to 220 °C (428 °F). In
many materials, spider silk fibres undergo a glass transition.
 SUPERCONTRACTION:
When exposed to water, dragline silks undergo supercontraction, shrinking up to 50% in
length and behaving like a weak rubber under tension.
MECHNICAL PROPERTIES

32.  Bullet-proof clothing.
 Wear-resistant lightweight clothing.
 Ropes, nets, seat belts, parachutes, air bags.
 Rust-free panels on motor vehicles or boats.
 Biodegradable bottles.
 Bandages, surgical thread.
 Artificial muscles or ligaments, supports for weak blood vessels.
 Violin strings
 Guides for re growing nerves.