It is an upcoming research field which applies recombinant DNA technology.

1. SPIDER-
GOATS

2. Biomaterials, having evolved over millions of years, often
exceed man-made materials in their properties. Spider silk is one
outstanding fibrous biomaterial which consists almost entirely
of large proteins.
Silk fibers have tensile strengths comparable
to steel and some silks are nearly as elastic as rubber on a weight
to weight basis. In combining these two properties, silks reveal a
toughness that is two to three times that of synthetic fibers like
Nylon or Kevlar.
Spider silk is also antimicrobial, hypoallergenic
and completely biodegradable.

4. 1. Frame and radii of orb webs are made of strong and rather rigid
silk. The underlying proteins (typically two different types) are
produced in the major ampullate glands and therefore silk fibers
made of these proteins are named MA silk.
This particular silk is further used by spiders as a lifeline (or roping thread) which
has to be ready at hand to escape predators—it is therefore always dragged,
hence the nickname dragline silk.

5. 2. The capture spiral of an orb
web comprises fibers of only one type of protein which is
produced in the flagelliform (Flag) gland of spiders. Flag silk is
highly elastic (up to 300%) and perfectly dissipates the impact
energy of prey.
The enormous resilience of these threads is crucial
for catching and holding prey which is sometimes even bigger than
the spider itself.

6. 3. Silk fibers made of proteins
produced in the minor ampullate gland are used to build an
auxiliary spiral. This temporary spiral stabilizes the body of the web
and provides a template for the capture spiral.
4. Connections between Flag and MA silk (the web scaffolding
connection joints) and attachment of the web frame to the
substratum (trees, undergrowth, masonry…) are made of a
sophisticated silk cement consisting of proteins produced in the
piriform gland

7. 5. Specific silk threads are covered with a sticky aqueous layer containing
organic molecules, salts, fatty acids and small glycoproteins which are
produced in the aggregate gland of spiders. Recently, it was proposed that
the wet glue also contains small peptides which are thought to function as
metal chelators. The presence of metal ions might contribute to the
inhibition of microbial growth on silk threads which is crucial to protecting
the web or preventing damage to developing eggs.

8. Mechanical properties of spider silk.
The most outstanding property of spider silk is its maximal resilience. It shows a well-
balanced combination of strength and elasticity and therefore mechanically outperforms
other natural fibers as well as synthetic threads under certain circumstances.
In addition to its outstanding resilience, MA silk shows a torsional shape memory that
prevents the spider from twisting and turning during its descent on a MA silk thread.
Interestingly, MA silk needs no extra stimulus for total recovery after being turned from
its initial position. Instead, it scarcely oscillates after twisting because of its high damping
coefficient. Spider silk also shows a high supercontraction rate. Absorption of water leads
to shrinkage and tightens the thread. This process is important to ensure the rigidity of
the spider’s web during its lifetime and is thought to be caused by the organization and
arrangement of individual silk proteins.

9. Spider silk is often compared to insect silk, preferably taken from the silkworm Bombyx
mori. The commercially available silkworm silk is reeled from cocoons of caterpillar
pupae. This process has only been slightly optimized over centuries and is highly cost-
efficient. MA spider silk can be obtained by manually drawing the silk thread out of the
spinning wart of immobilized spiders. However, this process is only suitable for MA silk
(and not for the other spider silks), it is time consuming and highly expensive, especially
since most spiders are cannibals, rendering farming costly.
Spider silk vs insect silk.
The differences between insect and spider silks are evident on all
levels, from the molecules involved to the structural arrangement of
the proteins to the mechanical properties of the thread. On a molecular
level, insect silk comprises a large amount of sericin-proteins, which are absent in
spider silk. The proteins which are responsible for the fibrillar structure (so-called
fibroins in insect silk) are, in contrast to spider silk spidroins, composed of light and
heavy chain counterparts. Mechanically, silkworm silk is much weaker and less
extensible as compared to dragline silk of spiders.

10. If combined ?
Scientists at the University of Notre Dame and the University of Wyoming
took a more practical approach. They have successfully spliced spider DNA
into silkworms. Their silk isn’t as strong as conventional spider silk, but
it is stronger than the normal stuff.
Malcolm Fraser, who helped develop the process, told Discovery
News that he’s confident he’ll be able to tweak his method to create the
super strong silk everyone wants.
But that’s later…

11. Mimicking Nature... NOW
Several biotechnological methods for recombinantly producing spider silk proteins have
been analyzed during the last decades, since recombinant production of sufficient
amounts of silk proteins is essential for understanding their structure and their assembly
behavior. Due to the highly repetitive character of individual spider silk molecules it is
quite complicated to determine the complete cDNA sequence of a silk gene.

12. Bacteria ?
The first attempt to obtain recombinant spider silk proteins was the direct
transformation of original or fragmented silk genes into bacterial hosts. Bacteria,
however, were not suitable for this task due to the large size of the genes.
Recombinant production of spider silk proteins in bacteria has been further
complicated by the different codon usage of spiders compared to bacteria

13. What about eukaryotes ?
expression systems like the yeast Pichia pastoris were tested as expression
hosts. Here, problems occurred during protein purification
rather than during the production process. Similar problems were
encountered upon attempts to use plants (such as potato or tobacco)
as transgenic expression host. However, such systems are still under
consideration since they appear to be attractive for larger scale
productions
insect cells which are phylogeneticaly closely related to that of
spiders were employed using the baculovirus expression system
A great advantage of the baculovirus expression system, in comparison to other
methods, is the relatively easy culturing process and the potential to easily modify
the expression conditions. For large scale production, however, the Baculovirus
system might be too inefficient and too expensive.

14. There should be some way of
direct transformation. Right ?
Enter: spider-goats

15. Prof. Randy Lewis
This man’s brainchild

16. motive
The farm at Utah state university is an outpost where they research modern farming
techniques, teach animal husbandry and raise what are inevitably referred to as
"spider-goats“ .Randy, like many other scientists in Logan, Utah, has farming in his
blood. So as far as he is concerned it's simply advanced farming: breeding animals to
produce things that we want.
“In a sense, spider-goats are an extension of
the farming we've been doing for 10,000 years.
All livestock and arable has been carefully
bred, each cross being a genetic experiment of
its own.”

17. So why choose goats ?
• Smaller
• Easier to maintain
• Tamer
• A large number can be kept in a relatively
small space

18. What did he do ?

19. GOLDEN ORB WEAVER SPIDER- NEPHILA CLAVIPES GENE X INSERTED
WITHIN GOAT GENOME Y INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF MILK PROTEINS
THIS MODIFIED NUCLEAR MATERIAL IS INSERTED INTO A DENUCLEATED
EGG
EGG INSERTED INTO UTERUS OF SURROGATE MOTHER
PREGNANCY
PARTURITION
KID GROWS UP – DELIVERS BABIES-STARTS LACTATING
SPIDER SILK ISOLATED FROM MILK.

20. Disclaimer !
• ALL PROCEDURES DESCRIBED BELOW ARE ONLY AN
APPROXIMATION OF WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE- TO THE BEST
OF OUR ABILITY-AS THEY HAVE SOLD THE COPYRIGHTS TO A
COMPANY WHICH IS MAKING VERY GOOD USE OF IT AND HENCE
WON’T DREAM OF PUBLISHING THE EXACT PROCEDURE. BUT WE
ARE’NT MAKING UP STORIES EITHER. OUR CLAIMS TOO ARE BASED
ON SOLID PUBLISHINGS OF INDEPENDENT STUDIES WHICH WE
COLLATED TO GET AN OVERVIEW. THIS IS THE PART OF THE TOPIC
RELEVANT TO OUR SUBJECT AND WE HAD TO FIND OUT LEGITIMATE
WAYS BY HOW THIS COULD HAVE BEEN DONE

21. • KNOWING
THE KEY
GENES OF
N.CLAVIPES

22. Recombinant expression of dragline
silk proteins
Since no full length MaSp gene has been cloned and due to
limitations of the production systems available, only sequences
encoding partial spidroins have been expressed.

23. • IT IS A CODE
FOR ONE
SEQUENCE

24. NEXT :
A survey of the goat genome
transcribed in the lactating
mammary gland

25. AVOIDING MILK PRODUCING
GENES THAT MAY IN SOME WAY
REGULATE APOPTOSIS.

27. PCR- TO ISOLATE AND AMPLIFY THE
GENE.

29. • Figure 5. Restriction site maps for BLG A and B alleles.
• Allele A contains both RsaI restriction sites;
• allele B contains only the first restriction

30. NOW WE HAVE SUITABLE GENES
FROM BOTH ORGANISMS. THE
INSERT AND THE HOST.
WHAT NEXT ?

31. RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES
• Example RsaI-
• This restriction endonuclease is given as an example because it
is commonly used in spider genomes. And there are studies
where they have used this to introduce antibody and drug inserts
into the lactating genes of the cattle,sheep and goat family
Enzyme Source
Recognition
sequence
Cut
RsaI
Rhodopseudomonas
sphaeroides
5' GTAC
3' CATG
5' ---GT AC--- 3'
3' ---CA TG--- 5'

32. • Insertion .
• ligation

40. BIOSTEEL®
ADVANTAGES
&
APPLICATIONS

41. Extremely tough
A spider web made of pencil-thick spider silk fiber can catch a fully
loaded Jumbo Jet Boeing 747 with a weight of 380 tons.
Extremely light weight
A product constructed with Biosteel® yarn can be reduced in weight
by up to 30 % in comparison to products made from common
fibers.
Extremely skin-friendly
Spider silk is anti-allergen, highly breathable and performs a perfect
moisture management. It was already used in ancient times for
dressings and bandages.
Truly sustainable
Spider silk is biocompatible, vegan and 100%
biodegradable.

42. TEXTILES
ARMOR
LINING OF VEHICLES
HIGHLY TENSILE ROPES FOR CONSTRUCTION
DAMPENERS
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