This document contains information about the planets and other objects in our solar system. It includes 3 sentences describing Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto as well as the Sun. The document was created by Olga Diavastis and contains images of each planetary body.

1. Mars Jupiter
The Earth Saturn
By Olga Diavastis
Venus Uranus
Mercury Neptune
The Sun Pluto
Stars and Planets
Images

2. The Sun
• The Sun is the star found at the centre of the Solar System. It makes up around 99.86% of the Solar
System’s mass.
• As the Sun is 1,392,000 kilometres (865,000 miles) wide, it’s diameter is about 110 times wider than
Earth’s.
• Light from the Sun reaches Earth in around 8 minutes, so if the Sun blew up, we would know after 8
minutes.
• The Sun’s surface temperature is around 5500° Celsius (9941° Fahrenheit), so pack plenty of sunscreen if
you plan on visiting! (Remembering that the average distance from the Sun to the Earth is around 150
million kilometres, so it might take a while!)
• If you think the surface is hot, the Sun’s core is around 13,600,000° Celsius!
• Around 74% of the Sun’s mass is made up of something called hydrogen. Helium makes up around 24%
while heavier elements such as oxygen, carbon, iron and neon make up the remaining percentage.
• The Sun generates huge amounts of energy by combining hydrogen nuclei into helium. This process is
called nuclear fusion.
• Because of the Sun’s huge influence on Earth, many early cultures saw the Sun as a deity or god. For
example, Ancient Egyptians had a sun god called Ra while in Aztec mythology there is a sun god named
Tonatiuh.
• A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.
• The Sun exploded into existence 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO!!!!!!!
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3. Mercury
• On Mercury, sunshine is more than 6 times brighter than it is on Earth.
This is because Mercury is closer to the Sun.
• As Mercury is too close to the Sun, it has no atmosphere.
• Light from the Sun takes only about 3 minutes to reach Mercury.
• It takes 88 Earth days to circle round the Sun.
• It takes 59 Earth days for one rotation on its axis!
• Mercury is the smallest planet (not counting Pluto).
• The surface of Mercury is very similar to our moon. It has a barren, rocky surface with lots of craters.
• Being so close to the Sun, the daytime temperature on Mercury is scorching- reaching a 400° Celsius!!!
• At night however, without an atmosphere to hold the heat in, the temperatures plummet, dropping to -180°
Celsius!
• Mercury is the fastest moving planet in our Solar System!
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4. Venus
• The atmosphere is made of Carbon Dioxide.
• Venus and Earth are very close in size, only Earth is slightly larger.
• Venus is the Roman name for the Greek goddess Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love and Beauty.
• In many ways, Venus is Earth’s sister planet. It is almost identical in size, chemistry, gravity and density as
the Earth.
• Because Venus is so close to Earth, it is seen as the brightest planet in the night sky.
• Venus and Mercury are the ONLY 2 planets which do not have moons!!!
• There are more volcanoes on Venus than any other planet in the Solar System.
• Venus rotates so slowly that it orbits the sun faster than it can make one whole rotation on its axis. In other
words, it has a longer day than year!
• So, it takes 243 days for Venus to make a rotation, and 224 days to circle the sun!!!
• The planet rotates from East to West. The only other planet that does this is Uranus.
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5. The Earth
• Magma is the hot liquid rock under the surface of the Earth, it is known as lava when it comes out of a
volcano.
• Hawaii is moving towards Japan at a speed of 10 centimetres a year.
• Stretching out to an impressive length of 6696 kilometres (4160 miles) long, the Nile River is the longest
river on Earth.
• Mt Everest is the highest mountain on Earth. Its peak reaches 8,848 meters (29028 feet) above sea level.
• On average, the Atlantic Ocean is the saltiest of Earth’s major oceans.
• Earthquakes that occur out at sea can cause huge tsunamis capable of reaching land and endangering
people.
• The Earth isn’t perfectly round, it is slightly flattened at the North and South Poles.
• Although Earthquakes can be deadly, most are very small and aren’t even felt by humans!
• Our planet’s rapid spin and molten nickel-iron core give rise to a magnetic field which the solar wind
distorts into a tear-drop shape and it is this magnetic field that protects us from the Solar radiation.
• The surface of our planet is very young because it is always changing. It is made up of different sections
called tectonic plates, which move over time, reshaping the Earth’s surface.
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6. Mars
• Mars had 3 major ages, or time periods, Each lasting many millions of years.
These ages were named for different geographic areas of Mars. The earliest age, The Noachian Age, next
the Hesperian Age, and the present age is the Amazonian age.
• The reason that Mars hasn’t got life, is that it is too cold and its atmosphere is too thin for water to exist.
• Mars is often the 3rd brightest celestial object in our sky after the Moon and Venus. At other times, it
becomes much dimmer.
• So much water in the form of ice exist in Martian polar regions, that scientist worry it would flood the planet if
it melted.
• The sunlight reflected by the Earth, as seen from the surface of Mars, is called “Earthshine”.
• There are places on Mars that radar signals strike the surface and vanish.
• Mars is only half the size of Earth and has only a third of Earth’s gravity!!!
• The largest canyon on Mars would stretch from New York to Los Angeles!
• The Olympus Mons is the highest volcano in the Solar System. With a height of 16.7 miles, it is more than
twice as tall as Mount Everest!
• The average distance form Mars to the Sun is 228 million km!
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7. Jupiter
Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar system. It is so big
that more than 1300 Earths could fit in it.
It is famous for its swirling winds, the biggest of which is
“The Red Spot”.
There are storms on Jupiter that make a hurricane on Earth look like a small breeze!!!
Jupiter has at least 63 moons! The 4 most known (and largest!) are Ganymede, Callisto, Europa
and Io. Ganymede is the biggest moon in the Solar System.
Jupiter has a thin set of rings, hardly visible from Earth, even with telescopes!
Jupiter’s atmosphere is made of thick, colourful clouds of deadly, poisonous gases that gradually
become thicker and hotter. At around 1,000 Km down, the pressure squeezes them into liquid.
Closer to the centre there is an ocean of liquid hydrogen, about 1,000 kilometres deep,
surrounding the core. Jupiter’s rocky core is slightly bigger than Earth but weighing about 20
times more.
Jupiter is considered to be a failed star because it didn’t have the right conditions to start nuclear
fusion with its hydrogen mass.
If we were able to see Jupiter's radiation belt from Earth, Jupiter would appear as big as the
Sun.
Jupiter is the planet with the strongest pull of gravity in the Solar System.
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8. Saturn
• Saturn’s rings may be particles of an old moon orbiting the planet, smashed apart
in a collision millions years ago.
• Saturn has 53 moons!!! Not a lot compared to Jupiter.
• Saturn is not the only planet to have rings. All of the Gas Giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune)
have a thin set of rings.
• It’s largest moon, Titan, is the only moon in the Solar System to possess an atmosphere.
• Titan's atmosphere is made of methane.
• It is thought that Titan's atmosphere is so thick, and its gravity so weak, that humans beings could strap on
a set of wings and fly through its skies. Of course, it's too cold to survive there but it's an interesting
thought!
• A year on Saturn would take almost 30 Earth years. However, a day on Saturn is about 10 and a half
hours.
• Saturn is quite often regarded as one of the most beautiful and outstanding objects in the Solar System.
• Saturn's rings can be seen with even a small telescope. A larger telescope show that there are multiple
rings.
• Its beautiful rings are 169,800 miles wide, but the rings are amazingly thin, less than a kilometre thick!
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9. Uranus
 Uranus‘s pale blue colour is caused by the methane in its atmosphere which filters out red light.
 If we were able to see Uranus' moons orbiting the planet, they would go over and under the
planet like lights on a ferris wheel.
 Uranus has 27 moons (so far discovered!) orbiting the planet.
 A day on Uranus is a few hours shorter than a day on Earth - the planet takes 17 hours to spin on its axis.
 However, a year on Uranus is much longer than a year on Earth. In fact, it takes 84 years on Earth for
Uranus to complete one orbit around the Sun!
 Uranus axis tilt causes a night on one of the poles to last for 21 Earth years, a quarter of the time it takes
for the planet to orbit the Sun. Its tilt of 97.77° makes it the only planet that sort of rolls on its orbit around
the Sun.
 The planets known of at the time of the discovery of Uranus were Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and
Saturn.
 Uranus was named after the sky in Greek mythology. “Uranus” is Greek for sky.
 Almost all of the moons of Uranus are named after characters in plays written by Shakespeare. The moons
of every other planet in the Solar System are named after characters in Greek mythology. The two moons
of Uranus that are not named after Shakespearean characters (Arlel and Umbriel) are named after
characters in a book called "The Rape of the Lock" written by Alexander Pope.
 Uranus is just about visible from Earth without a telescope as a very faint star.
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10. Neptune
• Neptune sometimes orbits the Sun further away than Pluto. From 1979 to 1999, Pluto was
closer to the Sun than Neptune. As Pluto was classified as a planet at the time, Neptune was then the ninth
planet from the Sun.
• Neptune has four faint rings. Some parts of these rings are brighter in areas than others and appear like
arcs orbiting the planet. Maybe they are still forming.
• Neptune was discovered when scientists noticed something peculiar about Uranus' orbit, believing
something to be pulling it in the opposite direction to the Sun's pull of gravity. They calculated the position of
a planet and soon afterwards, discovered Neptune.
• The coldest temperatures measured in the Solar System (-230°C) have been recorded on Neptune's moon,
Triton.
• Neptune's moon, Triton, is slowly getting closer to Neptune. Eventually, it will get so close that it may get
torn apart by Neptune's gravity and possibly form rings more spectacular than Saturn's.
• Try not to get Neptune’s moon, Triton, confused with Saturn’s moon, Titan!!!
• Triton orbits Neptune in the opposite direction to the planet's rotation. It is the only large moon in the Solar
System to do this.
• Pluto, a dwarf planet which has an orbit which sometimes crosses Neptune's, may have been a moon of
Neptune which escaped the planet's pull of gravity, but being prevented from escaping the Solar System by
the gravitational pull of the Sun.
• Neptune is often seen as Uranus‘s twin planet. It is similar in size and colour, and has a similar chemical
make-up.
• Neptune has 13 moons. These moons are all very small, apart from Triton, an active moon.
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11. Pluto
• Pluto isn’t considered a planet anymore, it is a Dwarf Planet.
• All dwarf planets are smaller than all of the regular planets in the Solar System. The most famous dwarf planet,
Pluto, is smaller than Earth's Moon, and half the width of Jupiter's moon, Ganymede.
• The suggestion of the name Pluto did not come from any scientists or astronomers. Instead, it was suggested by
an eleven year old schoolgirl, living in Oxford, England, called Venetia Burney!
• Pluto is a distant, cold and icy world orbiting the Sun many millions of miles away from it in a region of the Solar
System known as the Kuiper Belt.
• Pluto has four moons orbiting it. Charon, one of Pluto’s moons, was discovered in 1978 and is almost as large as
Pluto.
• Pluto's four moons are Charon, Hydra, Nix and another moon which doesn't yet have a name.
• Pluto and its moons may think they are alone in their quiet corner of the Solar System, but a visitor is on its way!
The New Horizons space probe was launched in January 2006. It is due to reach Pluto in 2015. It will complete fly
by missions of Pluto, Charon, Hydra and Nix, sending back images and data about these mysterious worlds.
• Clyde Tombaugh found "Planet X", which was later named Pluto by Venetia (after the Roman God of the
Underworld, not Mickey Mouse's dog!).
• What’s unusual about Pluto, is that when it is at its closest point to the Sun, it is closer to the sun than Neptune!
• Pluto was the only planet to have been discovered in the Twentieth Century, even though it is no longer
recognised as a planet.
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