4.0 hydraulic machines

1. 4.0 HYDRAULIC MACHINES Topics:- 4.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 4.2 HYDRAULIC (OR WATER) TURBINES 4.3 HYDRAULIC PUMPS (GENERAL) 4.4 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

2. 4.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2

10. 4.1 HYDRAULIC TURBINE 10

13. 4.2 HYDRAULIC TURBINE 13 Figure 4.2 Pelton Wheel Turbine

15. 4.2 HYDRAULIC TURBINE 15 Figure 4.2 Reaction Turbine Flow Directions, Runner, and Casing

16. 4.2 HYDRAULIC TURBINE 16 Figure 4.3 Francis Turbine

19. 4.2 HYDRAULIC TURBINE 19 Figure 4.4 Kaplan Turbine

22. 4.3 HYDRAULIC PUMPS (GENERAL) 22

27. 4.4 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 27

33. 4.4 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 33 Ref: fig (Reciprocating Pumps)

53. 4.4 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 53 • Curve of rate of delivery against angle of rotation of crank is therefore the resultant of the two sine-curves drawn at a phase difference of 180o, only the delivery being considered.

66. 4.4 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 66 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESPROCATING PUMP:- • The operating characteristics curves indicate the performance of a reciprocating pump. • These curves are obtained by plotting discharge; power input ; and overall efficiency against the head developed by the pump when it is operating at a constant speed.

67. 4.4 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 67 (ref: fig. on slide No. 66 above). • Under ideal conditions discharge of a reciprocating pump operating at constant speed is independent of the head developed by the pump. • However, in actual practice, it is observed that the discharge of a reciprocating pump decreases as the head developed by the pump increases. • Further, the input power for a reciprocating pump increases almost linearly beyond a certain minimum value with the increase in the head developed by the pump. • The overall efficiency of a reciprocating pump also increases with the increase in the head developed by the pump.

68. 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 68

70. 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 70 d)

71. 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 71 • The rotation (speed) of the impeller must be so high to produce sufficient forced vortex to impart centrifugal head in the water, so as to initiate discharge against the delivery head. • Thus, mechanical action of the pump is to impart velocity to the water. • If the outlet velocity of water in a pump is v , the pump can theoretically deliver against a head H = v²/2g.

77. 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 77 (a) (b)

79. 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 79 (a) (b)

84. 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 84 (a) (b) (c)

88. 4.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 88 4.5.4 COMPARISON OF CENTRIFUGAL AND RECIPROCATING PUMPS 4.5.5 HEAD AND LOSSES (1.) HEAD OF A PUMP • Static head; • Manometric head; and • Total, or Gross (or Effective) Head.

103. 4.4 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 103 Efficiency,Efficiency,

109. 4.4 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 109 Efficiency,

140. Calculation EXAMPLES (Centrifugal Pumps) 140 END OF MODULE COURSE

4.0 hydraulic machines

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4.0 hydraulic machines