This slideshow provides an overview of ID&T and the main models used in it.

1. Instructional Design & Technology
An overview

2. Instructional Design & Technology (ID&T)
“Instructional design is the practice of designing, creating, and delivering digital
and physical instructional experiences and products for those who need it. The
technology part of instructional design and technology often refers to the use
of technology to design, develop, and implement the instruction.” (Sorensen, 2021)

3. Why ID&T?
The field of Instructional Design
and Technology is perhaps one of
the most important fields of study
there is. It affects every other
field! The development and
implementation of instructional
material is crucial to mastery of
every other discipline.

4. Instructional Design Models
A lot of research goes into how best to create instructional curriculum.
Many scholars throughout history have turned their research results into
Instructional Design Models. These models are guidelines or blueprints
to aid begging in instructional designers in curriculum creation.
Some models , such as Bloom’s Taxonomy, are elegant in their simplicity.
Setting the canvas on which the instructor can create their lessons. Other
models, such as the ADDIE model, are more complex and provide more
strict guidance.

5. (Mejia, 2018)
ADDIE Model
The ADDIE model has been the
most widely used model for
Instructional Design for decades.
This models was developed in 1975
and implemented as a guideline to
create military training content.
It provided a through framework for
the successful development and
implementation of instructional
material.
Most of the models used today are
reworking or variations of ADDIE.
(Reiser & Dempsey, 2018)

6. Despite its popularity, the ADDIE method is thought to be
excessively complex and time-consuming.
Due to it systematic approach to development of
instructional materials, it is very difficult to effectively
accommodate changes along the way.
Its level of complexity becomes a problem as well, as it
often becomes too costly and time consuming to develop
materials with this approach. (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018)
Problems with
ADDIE Model

7. Alternatives to ADDIE
Successive Approximation Pebble in the Pond

8. Successive Approximation
Model (SAM)
Where the ADDIE method is long and
complex, the SAM is flexible and efficient.
It involves moving through its three stages
as few or many times as it’s needed. This
cyclical process makes instruction more
robust and produces superior learning
outcomes. (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018)

9. Pebble in the Pond Model
This method shares with ADDIE the cascade-like methodology. This method instead
focuses on the solution to a specific problem, narrowing its focus and thus yielding more
relevant results. (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018)
Merrill himself describes the beginning of the process as “The problem pebble thrown
into the instructional pond is the trigger for the instructional design process.” (Merrill, 2015)
(H, 2019)

10. Bloom and Gagne’s Taxonomy
Creates a framework to writing
assessment questions that
properly gauge the learner’s
depth of knowledge in different
“tiers” (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018)

11. Other Instructional Design Models
• Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction
• Backward Design/Understanding by Design (UbD) ...
• Design Thinking Model. ...
• Fink's Significant Learning Model. ...
• ARCS Model.

12. References
H, T. (2019, September 20). Pebble-in-the-pond Instructional Design model in Merrill’s First Principles of
Instruction. Retrieved from My Brain is Open: https://www.mybrainisopen.net/pebble-instructional-design-
model/
Mejia, M. E. (2018, April 26). The Dice Group. Retrieved from medium.com: https://medium.com/dice-
group/how-instructional-design-impacts-every-organization-including-yours-14fe1a4c511b
Merrill, D. (2015). A Pebble-in-the-Pond Model For Instructional Design. Performance Improvement, 41–46.
Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (4th ed.).
Pearson.
Sorensen, C. (2021, December 10). What Is Instructional Design & Technology? Retrieved from
www.uagc.edu: https://www.uagc.edu/blog/what-is-instructional-design