Communicable disease

1. Communicable diseases
CHANDAN YADAV
LECTURER
M.PHARM (PHARMACEUTICS)

2. Communicable Diseases
Introduction-
 Communicable diseases are also know as Infection
diseases.
 They spread from one person to another, a healthy person
may catch it from an infected person.
 Communicable diseases spread through air , water , food,
and direct contact.
 Communicable diseases are transmissible from one person
or animal, to another.

3. Classification of Communicable Diseases
The classification of communicable diseases depends on the causative
agent and transmission mode:
(i) Bacterial Diseases: typhoid , tuberculosis , cholera etc
(ii) Viral Diseases: mumps , measles , polio , small pox , chicken pox ,
rabies etc.
(iii) Fungal Diseases: ring worm , athlete’s foot etc.
(iv) Rickettsial Diseases: typhus fever , trench fever ,
2 – Based on the transmission mode, communicable diseases are of the
following type:
(i) Contagious diseases: In these diseases, the healthy person gets
infected by physical contact with an infected person. Ex- chicken pox,
small pox , leprosy etc.

4. • (ii) Non- Contagious diseases: In these diseases,
healthy person gets infected on coming in contact with
infected food, water or air . Ex- of non- contagious
diseases are malaria, dengue etc.
Transmission mode of communicable diseases
• The transfer of diseases causing microbes ,such as
bacteria and viruses take place between tow
individuals by one or more of the following methods:
• 1)Droplet contact: coughing or sneezing on other
person.
• 2) Direct physical contact: By touching an infected
person.
• 3)Indirect contact: By touching a contaminated surface.

5. 4) Air- borne Transmission: If the microorganisms
persist in the air for longer period of time.
5) Faecal-oral transmission: From contaminated
food or water sources.
6) Vector-borne transmission: By infected insects or
other animals.

6. Measures for Prevention of communicable diseases
1)Diagnosis
2)Notification
3)Isolation
4)Treatment
5)Quarantine
6)Investigation
7)Disinfection
8) Blocking of transmission
9)Immunisation
10)Health Education

7. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
INTRODUCTION: Infections of the sinuses, throat, airways, or
lungs are categorised under respiratory tract infection (RTIs).
These infection are mostly caused by viruses. And sometime
by bacteria. Common cold is the most widespread respiratory
tract infection. Infections of respiratory tract are categorised
into two types.
1)Infections of upper respiratory tract: These infection
affect the nose, sinuses, and throat. For example,
1)Common cold,
2)Influenza (deadly viral infection),
3)Whooping cough,
4)Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils and tissues at the
back of throat),
5)Sinusitis(inflammation of the sinuses),and
6)Laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx or voice box).

8. 2)Infection of lower respiratory tract: These infection affect the
airways and lungs. For example
 Tuberculosis (bacterial infection of the lungs),
 Influenza,
 Bronchitis (inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes),Pneumonia
(inflammation of the air sacs as they fill with fluid),and
 Bronchitis(inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes).
Children are more prone to upper RTIs as their immunity(or resistance)
power against many viruses is still not strong enough.
1. Chicken pox
2. Measles
3. Influenza
4. Whooping cough
5. Tuberculosis

9. INTESTINAL INFECTION
 Intestinal infection affect the gastrointestinal tract and
mainly characterised by diarrhoea are categorised under
intestinal Infection.
 The transmits through the contaminated food, water.
 Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting are the
most common symptoms of an intestinal infection.
 These infection is caused by viruses, bacteria or other
organism.
Example – Bacteria infection
Viral infection

10. Poliomyelitis -
Poliomyelitis also called polio is an infection and acute disease
affecting the CNS , which may lead to either temporary or
permanent paralysis.
 The causative agent of poliomyelitis is polio virus, which is
three types, I type , ll type, lll type. The disease affects the
children below 5 years of age.
Symptoms- fever, polio fever, sikness.
Prevention- (i) person should be isolated.
(ii) water source and supply of drinking water
should be protected from contamination.

11. Cholera-
 Cholera is an acute intestinal infection.
 Within an hour of the onset of symptoms in a healthy
individual, the blood pressure drop down to hypotensive
levels, and the individual may die if not treated medically
within three hours.
Symptoms- symptoms appearing 1-3 days after infection
range from mild, diarrhoea , Dry mouth and skin, Abdominal
and leg cramps, low urine output, vomiting, tiredness etc.
Prevention- water purification, sterilisation(clothing,
bedding), traveller should be aware.

12. Typhoid-
Typhoid, also know as typhoid fever is caused by ingesting the
food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected
person.
Symptoms- Headaches, chest congestion, fever upto 104◦F,
abdominal pain and discomfort, muscle aches and pains etc.
Prevention- The important measures that should be
considered to prevent typhoid infection are sanitation and
hygiene.
Careful food preparation and washing of hand is required for
preventing typhoid infection.

13. Food poisoning-
Symptoms- some characteristic symptoms of food poisoning are:
1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Abdominal cramping
4. Diarrhoea
Prevention- food poisoning can be prevented by safe handling, cooking and storage
of food.
Some preventive measures of food poisoning are given below:
1. Safe shopping
2. Safe storage of food
3. Safe food preparation
4. Safe cooking
Hookworm infection-